{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:56:30Z","timestamp":1791305790606,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]],"date-time":"2011-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>is the etiological agent of Q fever. Currently, the Netherlands is facing the largest Q fever epidemic ever, with almost 4,000 notified human cases. Although the presence of a hypervirulent strain is hypothesized, epidemiological evidence, such as the animal reservoir(s) and genotype of the<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>strain(s) involved, is still lacking. We developed a single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay directly applicable to clinical samples. Ten discriminatory SNPs were carefully selected and detected by real-time PCR. SNP genotyping appeared to be highly suitable for discrimination of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>strains and easy to perform with clinical samples. With this new method, we show that the Dutch outbreak is caused by at least 5 different<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>genotypes. SNP typing of 14 human samples from the outbreak revealed the presence of 3 dissimilar genotypes. Two genotypes were also present in livestock at 9 farms in the outbreak area. SNP analyses of bulk milk from 5 other farms, commercial cow milk, and cow colostrum revealed 2 additional genotypes that were not detected in humans. SNP genotyping data from clinical samples clearly demonstrate that at least 5 different<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>genotypes are involved in the Dutch outbreak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02293-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T05:07:48Z","timestamp":1295672868000},"page":"2051-2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Single-Nucleotide-Polymorphism Genotyping of<i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>during a Q Fever Outbreak in The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Cornelis J. 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