{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:21:12Z","timestamp":1787620872927,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]],"date-time":"2015-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Many vector-borne pathogens consist of multiple strains that circulate in both the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector. Characterization of the community of pathogen strains in the arthropod vector is therefore important for understanding the epidemiology of mixed vector-borne infections.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. garinii<\/jats:named-content>\n            are two species of tick-borne bacteria that cause Lyme disease in humans. These two sympatric pathogens use the same tick,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , but are adapted to different classes of vertebrate hosts. Both\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species consist of multiple strains that are classified using the highly polymorphic\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            gene. Vertebrate cross-immunity against the OspC antigen is predicted to structure the community of multiple-strain\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogens.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates were cultured from field-collected\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">I. ricinus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ticks over a period spanning 11 years. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species of each isolate was identified using a reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Deep sequencing was used to characterize the\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            communities of 190\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. afzelii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates and 193\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. garinii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates. Infections with multiple\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            strains were common in ticks, but vertebrate cross-immunity did not influence the strain structure in the tick vector. The pattern of genetic variation at the\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            locus suggested that vertebrate cross-immunity exerts strong selection against intermediately divergent\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            alleles. Deep sequencing found that more than 50% of our isolates contained exotic\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            alleles derived from other\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species. Two alternative explanations for these exotic\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            alleles are cryptic coinfections that were not detected by the RLB assay or horizontal transfer of the\n            <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n            gene between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02296-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,29]],"date-time":"2015-08-29T00:23:01Z","timestamp":1440807781000},"page":"7740-7752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cross-Immunity and Community Structure of a Multiple-Strain Pathogen in the Tick Vector"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Durand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Jacquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lye","family":"Paillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Gern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten J.","family":"Voordouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710333105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007068107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.725","article-title":"Common occurrence of concurrent infections by multiple dengue virus serotypes","volume":"61","author":"Lorono-Pino M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lorono-Pino M, Cropp C, Farfan J, Vorndam A, Rodriguez-Angulo E, Rosado-Paredes E, Flores-Flores L, Beaty B, Gubler D. 1999. 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