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Azole fungicides (demethylation inhibitors) are among the key tools available for managing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. In an attempt to characterize how resistance to azole fungicides arises, we performed an experimental evolution study that imposed selection by exposing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                      to increasing concentrations of prothioconazole (PTZ), tebuconazole (TBF), a combination of both fungicides (CMB), or a no-drug control. All evolved lineages exceeded the ancestral minimum inhibitory concentration before strain extinction, retained normal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      colony growth in the absence of drugs, and were able to successfully infect a fusarium head blight-susceptible wheat cultivar. However, most lineages lost their apparent resistance improvements after being revived from preservation at \u221280\u00b0C. One lineage (TBF1), however, showed stable enhanced resistance to tebuconazole, which was accompanied by a phenotype of precocious germination of macroconidia. Genomic analyses indicated no change in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cyp51<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in any lineage but identified a single base insertion resulting in a premature stop codon in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aos1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene (involved in SUMOylation) in the TBF1 genome. We created\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aos1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene deletion strains, which phenocopied TBF1 for both tebuconazole resistance and altered macroconidial germination. This work suggests that adjustments to spore germination processes may influence sensitivity toward fungicides and also highlights the role of SUMOylation in spore dormancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fusarium graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a major crop pathogen that can acquire mutations over time to common fungicides. Historically, studies have focused their attention on a single gene,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cyp51<\/jats:italic>\n                        , as the primary cause of resistance. However, there may be other pathways to enhanced resistance. For example, changes in macroconidium germination rates and transitions between cell types offer a route to fungicide resistance that has not been adequately appreciated to date. This study highlights a novel pathway to azole resistance, providing new insights into how\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F. graminearum<\/jats:italic>\n                        may circumvent chemical controls. Through laboratory evolution, a single base insertion arose within the\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aos1<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene, which caused phenotypes of altered macroconidium dormancy and reduced fungicide sensitivity. This research highlights the importance of experimental approaches that remain open to surprising evolutionary innovations and unexpected resistance mechanisms.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02342-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:00:18Z","timestamp":1776430818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The evolution of azole resistance through a reduced spore dormancy pathway associated with loss of SUMOylation function in\n                    <i>Fusarium graminearum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Wog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfys938","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aruni S.","family":"Sumanarathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfys938","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0781-9356","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aleeza C.","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfys938","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfys938","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0345-0587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfys938","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/B07-027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-09-15-0214-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9353.2004.00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.730297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-18-0466-RE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7484"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. 2024. 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