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This property is exploited for efficient production of lactate and succinate. Our detailed analysis revealed that marginal growth takes place under anaerobic conditions with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or ribose as a carbon and energy source but not with gluconate, pyruvate, lactate, propionate, or acetate. Supplementation of glucose minimal medium with tryptone strongly enhanced growth up to a final optical density at 600 nm (OD\n            <jats:sub>600<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of 12, whereas tryptone alone did not allow growth. Amino acids with a high ATP demand for biosynthesis and amino acids of the glutamate family were particularly important for growth stimulation, indicating ATP limitation and a restricted carbon flux into the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle toward 2-oxoglutarate. Anaerobic cultivation in a bioreactor with constant nitrogen flushing disclosed that CO\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            is required to achieve maximal growth and that the pH tolerance is reduced compared to that under aerobic conditions, reflecting a decreased capability for pH homeostasis. Continued growth under anaerobic conditions indicated the absence of an oxygen-requiring reaction that is essential for biomass formation. The results provide an improved understanding of the physiology of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. glutamicum<\/jats:named-content>\n            under anaerobic conditions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02413-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,15]],"date-time":"2015-08-15T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1439609058000},"page":"7496-7508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Anaerobic Growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum via Mixed-Acid Fermentation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Michel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBG-1 Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Koch-Koerfges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBG-1 Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Krumbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBG-1 Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Brocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBG-1 Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBG-1 Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-30743-5_30","article-title":"Corynebacterium\u2014nonmedical","volume":"3","author":"Liebl W","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liebl W. 2006. 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