{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:14:48Z","timestamp":1782782088570,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We used whole-genome sequencing to determine evolutionary relationships among 20 outbreak-associated clinical isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotypes 1\/2a and 1\/2b. Isolates from 6 of 11 outbreaks fell outside the clonal groups or \u201cepidemic clones\u201d that have been previously associated with outbreaks, suggesting that epidemic potential may be widespread in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            and is not limited to the recognized epidemic clones. Pairwise comparisons between epidemiologically related isolates within clonal complexes showed that genome-level variation differed by 2 orders of magnitude between different comparisons, and the distribution of point mutations (core versus accessory genome) also varied. In addition, genetic divergence between one closely related pair of isolates from a single outbreak was driven primarily by changes in phage regions. The evolutionary analysis showed that the changes could be attributed to horizontal gene transfer; members of the diverse bacterial community found in the production facility could have served as the source of novel genetic material at some point in the production chain. The results raise the question of how to best utilize information contained within the accessory genome in outbreak investigations. The full magnitude and complexity of genetic changes revealed by genome sequencing could not be discerned from traditional subtyping methods, and the results demonstrate the challenges of interpreting genetic variation among isolates recovered from a single outbreak. Epidemiological information remains critical for proper interpretation of nucleotide and structural diversity among isolates recovered during outbreaks and will remain so until we understand more about how various population histories influence genetic variation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02440-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,21]],"date-time":"2015-11-21T04:04:54Z","timestamp":1448078694000},"page":"928-938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Determination of Evolutionary Relationships of Outbreak-Associated Listeria monocytogenes Strains of Serotypes 1\/2a and 1\/2b by Whole-Genome Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Bergholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk C.","family":"den Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee S.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Silk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Kucerova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavin A.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryann","family":"Turnsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori M.","family":"Gladney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Halpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Gossack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Frace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L.","family":"Tarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S396","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis268","article-title":"Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004\u20132009: further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups","volume":"54","author":"Silk BJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silk BJ, Date KA, Jackson KA, Pouillot R, Holt KG, Graves LM, Ong KL, Hurd S, Meyer R, Marcus R, Shiferaw B, Norton DM, Medus C, Zansky SM, Cronquist AB, Henao OL, Jones TF, Vugia DJ, Farley MM, Mahon BE. 2012. 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