{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:08:35Z","timestamp":1790726915073,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]],"date-time":"2015-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, AmpC beta-lactamase-producing, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene-positive strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            were investigated in wintering rooks (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Corvus frugilegus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) from eight European countries. Fecal samples (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1,073) from rooks wintering in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland were examined. Resistant isolates obtained from selective cultivation were screened for ESBL, AmpC, and PMQR genes by PCR and sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were performed to reveal their clonal relatedness. In total, from the 1,073 samples, 152 (14%) cefotaxime-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates and 355 (33%)\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were found. Eighty-two (54%) of these cefotaxime-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates carried the following ESBL genes:\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 39 isolates),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 25),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-24<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 4),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM-52<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 4),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-14<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 2),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 2),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>SHV-12<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 2),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-8<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-25<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1),\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M-28<\/jats:sub>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1), and an unspecified gene (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1). Forty-seven (31%) cefotaxime-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates carried the\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n            AmpC beta-lactamase gene. Sixty-two (17%) of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were positive for the PMQR genes\n            <jats:italic>qnrS1<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 54),\n            <jats:italic>qnrB19<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 4),\n            <jats:italic>qnrS1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>qnrB19<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 2),\n            <jats:italic>qnrS2<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1), and\n            <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1). Eleven isolates from the Czech Republic (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 8) and Serbia (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 3) were identified to be CTX-M-15-producing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            clone B2-O25b-ST131 isolates. Ninety-one different sequence types (STs) among 191 ESBL-producing, AmpC-producing, and PMQR gene-positive\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates were determined, with ST58 (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 15), ST10 (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 14), and ST131 (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 12) predominating. The widespread occurrence of highly diverse ESBL- and AmpC-producing and PMQR gene-positive\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates, including the clinically important multiresistant ST69, ST95, ST117, ST131, and ST405 clones, was demonstrated in rooks wintering in various European countries.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02459-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,8]],"date-time":"2014-11-08T06:58:59Z","timestamp":1415429939000},"page":"648-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Cephalosporins and Fluoroquinolones in Various Escherichia coli Sequence Types Isolated from Rooks Wintering in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Jamborova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Dolejska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiri","family":"Vojtech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech 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