{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:12:20Z","timestamp":1785420740673,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001395","name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Majumder Start-up"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Majumder Start-up"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012787","name":"Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SciMed GRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SciMed GRS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The exposome encompasses all lifetime environmental exposures affecting health. Its complexity and high data dimensionality make it challenging to link specific exposure combinations to adverse health outcomes. Establishing relevant exposome criteria is key to addressing current knowledge gaps. This study evaluated contaminant levels in Wisconsin groundwater and their effects on host health. We focused on three co-occurring chemicals that were detected at concentrations exceeding groundwater standards: nitrate, atrazine, and imidacloprid, and the emerging contaminant, microplastics. In this study, broilers were exposed to a low-dose chemical mixture (35,000 ppb nitrate + 1.7 ppb atrazine + 0.58 ppb imidacloprid) and high-dose chemical mixture (100,000 ppb nitrate + 3,000 ppb atrazine + 3,000 ppb imidacloprid) or polyethylene microplastics (PE MPs) for 49 days. Both contaminant types significantly altered the cecal microbiomes as determined by the enrichment of the genera\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fournierella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and an unclassified\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coriobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus. Untargeted metabolomics revealed distinct but convergent patterns of metabolic reprogramming across exposures. Chemical mixtures modulated pathways linked to xenobiotic metabolism, pyruvate and thiamine metabolism, and other cofactor-dependent processes, consistent with a shift from oxidative, biosynthetically intensive metabolism toward glycolysis, fermentation, and detoxification. In contrast, PE fibers selectively suppressed oxidative and cofactor\/vitamin pathways while perturbing bile acid, sphingolipid, and aromatic compound metabolism, indicating a simplified, maintenance-oriented energy state. Despite these pronounced metabolomic shifts, histopathology revealed no overt intestinal or systemic lesions in any treatment group, highlighting altered microbial activity despite the absence of gross pathological lesions and supporting a silent dysbiosis phenotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental contaminants in groundwater are increasingly common, yet their combined effects on animal health remain poorly understood. The current study shows that even low-level exposure to agricultural chemical mixtures and microplastics can alter the gut microbial metabolism in broiler chickens without intestinal damage. These subclinical shifts, characterized by altered energy pathways, cofactor scarcity, and microbial restructuring, highlight a form of silent dysbiosis. Our findings emphasize the need to integrate microbiome- metabolic endpoints into environmental risk assessments to predict earlier, more meaningful, functionally relevant impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02469-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1774011619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to known and emerging groundwater contaminants significantly alters poultry microbiome and metabolome"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-3483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chamia C.","family":"Chatman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena G.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01e4byj08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3584-9915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven C.","family":"Ricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01e4byj08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3444-3881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica L.-W.","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-020-00805-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4868"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.931440"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08652-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125632"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123233"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200461"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00067"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111287"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129817"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108972"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00545-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04179"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-023-01593-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070921"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae060"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162713"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32424-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14588-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","unstructured":"USDA Economic Research Service. 2024. Poultry and eggs - sector at a glance 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/animal-products\/poultry-eggs\/sector-at-a-glance#:~:text=During%202013%E2%80%9322%2C%20broiler%20chickens of%20all%20poultry%20sector%20sales"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.780092"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22175\/mmb.20022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection. 2021. Targeted sampling report. Available from: https:\/\/datcp.wi.gov\/Documents2\/2021TargetedSamplingDrinkingWaterWells.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00915-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34519"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sumbio\/qvaf003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. 2014. NTP technical report on the toxicology studies of tetrabromobisphenol A (CASRN 79-94-7) in F344\/NTac rats and B6C3F1\/N mice and toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of tetrabromobisphenol A in wistar han [Crl:WI(Han)] rats and B6C3F1\/N mice (Gavage Studies): technical report 587 research triangle park (NC): national toxicology program. National Toxicology Program Research Triangle Park (NC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chatman CC Majumder E-W. 2025. Acute exposure to groundwater contaminants mixture of nitrate atrazine and imidacloprid impacts growth kinetics of poultry cecal microbiomes and significantly decreases Caco-2 cell viability. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2025.06.15.659797","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.15.659797"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","unstructured":"Wisconsin State Legislature. 1985. Wisconsin administrative code chapter NR 140 groundwater quality"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2022.105446"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00314-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897241290367"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007343"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009581"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17041-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(92)91201-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01996-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00915-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae253"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6747-6_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303856"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad312"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8030055"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.871149"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-103017-2.00006-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020468"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection. 2025. 2024 Target sampling program annual report. https:\/\/datcp.wi.gov\/Documents2\/2024TargetedSamplingReport.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60205a010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04140-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104073"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME19143"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1846623"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2187578"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154239"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500151"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33444-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239009090615"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10050208"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jox11030007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102598"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151701"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01413"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02052-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147425"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07108"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394423-8.00007-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007479"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01321-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14404"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103492"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20723-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1408947"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200900057"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2025.108043"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/12298093.2019.1638672"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuad016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05470-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01811-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6889533"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020127"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2024.159535"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6741-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.006"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.02469-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.02469-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:03:03Z","timestamp":1776862983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.02469-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Vives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.02469-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02469-25","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.07.12.664519","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02469-25"}}