{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1785817261416,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"HHS | NIH | NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI103724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI103724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"HHS | NIH | NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI091652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI091652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"HHS | NIH | NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P20GM103646-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM103646-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"DOD | Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U.S.C. 3318(b)-15217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U.S.C. 3318(b)-15217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"DOD | Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U.S.C. 3318(b)-15217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U.S.C. 3318(b)-15217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Relapsing fever (RF) spirochetes colonize and are transmitted to mammals primarily by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ornithodoros<\/jats:named-content>\n            ticks, and little is known regarding the pathogen's life cycle in the vector. To further understand vector colonization and transmission of RF spirochetes,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia turicatae<\/jats:named-content>\n            expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. turicatae-gfp<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) was generated. The transformants were evaluated during the tick-mammal infectious cycle, from the third nymphal instar to adult stage.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. turicatae-gfp<\/jats:named-content>\n            remained viable for at least 18 months in starved fourth-stage nymphal ticks, and the studies indicated that spirochete populations persistently colonized the tick midgut and salivary glands. Our generation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. turicatae-gfp<\/jats:named-content>\n            also revealed that within the salivary glands, spirochetes are localized in the ducts and lumen of acini, and after tick feeding, the tissues remained populated with spirochetes. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. turicatae-gfp<\/jats:named-content>\n            generated in this study is an important tool to further understand and define the mechanisms of vector colonization and transmission.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            In order to interrupt the infectious cycle of tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes, it is important to enhance our understanding of vector colonization and transmission. Toward this, we generated a strain of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia turicatae<\/jats:named-content>\n            that constitutively produced the green fluorescent protein, and we evaluated fluorescing spirochetes during the entire infectious cycle. We determined that the midgut and salivary glands of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ornithodoros turicata<\/jats:named-content>\n            ticks maintain the pathogens throughout the vector's life cycle and remain colonized with the spirochetes for at least 18 months. We also determined that the tick's salivary glands were not depleted after a transmission blood feeding. These findings set the framework to further understand the mechanisms of midgut and salivary gland colonization.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02503-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T17:51:06Z","timestamp":1482515466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Imaging of Borrelia turicatae Producing the Green Fluorescent Protein Reveals Persistent Colonization of the Ornithodoros turicata Midgut and Salivary Glands from Nymphal Acquisition through Transmission"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Aparna","family":"Krishnavajhala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Damania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalberto A.","family":"P\u00e9rez de Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pete D.","family":"Teel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Job E.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Bloodsucking ticks (Ixodoidea)-vectors of diseases of man and animals","volume":"8","author":"Balashov YS","year":"1972","unstructured":"Balashov YS . 1972. 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