{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:30:04Z","timestamp":1790418604209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI087946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI087946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI132818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM007205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM007205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18POST33990330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18POST33990330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gene function studies are facilitated by the availability of rapid and easy-to-use genetic tools. Homologous recombination-based methods traditionally used to genetically investigate gene function remain cumbersome to perform in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , as they often are relatively inefficient.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02519-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T06:34:08Z","timestamp":1606372448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A CRISPR Interference Platform for Selective Downregulation of Gene Expression in Borrelia burgdorferi"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Constantin N.","family":"Takacs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"},{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Kloos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Microbiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irnov","family":"Irnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"},{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Jacobs-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"},{"name":"Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_51"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01824-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.182.9.2445-2452.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"433","article-title":"DNA exchange and insertional inactivation in spirochetes","volume":"2","author":"Tilly K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tilly K, Elias AF, Bono JL, Stewart P, Rosa P. 2000. DNA exchange and insertional inactivation in spirochetes. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2:433\u2013442.","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.445-452.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"521","article-title":"Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"57","author":"Barbour AG","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbour AG. 1984. Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes. Yale J Biol Med 57:521\u2013525.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.4.2139-2150.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12c01s4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01956-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"863","article-title":"Growth of infectious and non-infectious B. burgdorferi at different salt concentrations","volume":"110","author":"Elias A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elias A, Bono JL, Tilly K, Rosa P. 1998. Growth of infectious and non-infectious B. burgdorferi at different salt concentrations. Wien Klin Wochenschr 110:863\u2013865.","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(98)80058-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7383-5_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah7084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01159-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02415-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37949-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02454-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01176-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03657-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01950-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05533.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03537.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.183.21.6069-6072.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1348805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200221797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.8.3433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.145.1.333-340.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.131.1.293-305.1977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.8.4499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.115.1.436-442.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01322-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.2.544-553.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.6.3123-3127.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2003.03936.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"543","article-title":"Ultrastructure of spirochetes isolated from Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes dammini","volume":"57","author":"Hovind-Hougen K","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hovind-Hougen K. 1984. Ultrastructure of spirochetes isolated from Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes dammini. Yale J Biol Med 57:543\u2013548.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06613.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610805113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.16.5251-5257.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01311-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.66.2658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.68.2265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1119(96)00714-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi1017842"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.7.2169-2180.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05695-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(01)00287-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(80)90283-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.185.22.6723-6727.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-310-4:253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.1.217-227.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot093377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02256.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3211-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00189-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takacs CN Scott M Chang Y Kloos ZA Irnov I Rosa PA Liu J Jacobs-Wagner C. 2020. Code for \u201cA CRISPR interference platform for selective downregulation of gene expression in Borrelia burgdorferi .\u201d GitHub Code Repository. https:\/\/github.com\/JacobsWagnerLab\/published\/tree\/master\/Takacs_2020_CRISPRi.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.12.335471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2005.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1996.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.987-992.1999"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.02519-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.02519-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T14:18:03Z","timestamp":1645625883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.02519-20"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Dudley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.02519-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02519-20","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.10.12.335471","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02519-20"}}