{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:20:58Z","timestamp":1791249658610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]],"date-time":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Some\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains have high toxicity to nematodes. Nematicidal activity has been found in several families of crystal proteins, such as Cry5, Cry6, and Cry55. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. thuringiensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain YBT-1518 has three\n            <jats:italic>cry<\/jats:italic>\n            genes that have high nematicidal activity. The whole genome sequence of this strain contains multiple potential virulence factors. To evaluate the pathogenic potential of virulence factors, we focused on a metalloproteinase called Bmp1. It encompasses a consecutive N-terminal signal peptide, an FTP superfamily domain, an M4 neutral protease GluZincin superfamily, two Big-3 superfamily motifs, and a Gram-positive anchor superfamily motif as a C-terminal domain. Here, we showed that purified Bmp1 protein showed metalloproteinase activity and toxicity against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:named-content>\n            (the 50% lethal concentration is 610 \u00b1 9.37 \u03bcg\/ml). In addition, mixing Cry5Ba with Bmp1 protein enhanced the toxicity 7.9-fold (the expected toxicity of the two proteins calculated from their separate toxicities) against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. elegans<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Confocal microscopic observation revealed that Bmp1 protein was detected from around the mouth and esophagus to the intestine. Striking microscopic images revealed that Bmp1 degrades intestine tissues, and the Cry5Ba causes intestinal shrinkage from the body wall. Thus, the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. thuringiensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            Bmp1 metalloproteinase is a nematicidal virulence factor. These findings give a new insight into the relationship between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. thuringiensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and its host nematodes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02551-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,3]],"date-time":"2012-11-03T04:27:38Z","timestamp":1351916858000},"page":"460-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Bacillus thuringiensis Metalloproteinase Bmp1 Functions as a Nematicidal Virulence Factor"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-44-451924-6\/00081-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.148387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09160.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00532-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00264-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.7.3408-3415.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007276107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-006-0112-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01346-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1033","article-title":"A novel negative regulatory factor for nematicidal Cry protein gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"18","author":"Yu Z","year":"2008","unstructured":"YuZ BaiP YeW ZhangF RuanL SunM. 2008. 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