{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:57:27Z","timestamp":1789995447720,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial autoclave for treating simulated building decontamination residue (BDR). The BDR was intended to simulate porous materials removed from a building deliberately contaminated with biological agents such as\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            (anthrax) in a terrorist attack. The purpose of the tests was to assess whether the standard operating procedure for a commercial autoclave provided sufficiently robust conditions to adequately destroy bacterial spores bound to the BDR. In this study we investigated the effects of several variables related to autoclaving BDR, including time, temperature, pressure, item type, moisture content, packing density, packing orientation, autoclave bag integrity, and autoclave process sequence. The test team created simulated BDR from wallboard, ceiling tiles, carpet, and upholstered furniture, and embedded in the BDR were\n            <jats:italic>Geobacillus stearothermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n            biological indicator (BI) strips containing 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            spores and thermocouples to obtain time and temperature profile data associated with each BI strip. The results indicated that a single standard autoclave cycle did not effectively decontaminate the BDR. Autoclave cycles consisting of 120 min at 31.5 lb\/in\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            and 275\u00b0F and 75 min at 45 lb\/in\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            and 292\u00b0F effectively decontaminated the BDR material. Two sequential standard autoclave cycles consisting of 40 min at 31.5 lb\/in\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            and 275\u00b0F proved to be particularly effective, probably because the second cycle's evacuation step pulled the condensed water out of the pores of the materials, allowing better steam penetration. The results also indicated that the packing density and material type of the BDR in the autoclave could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the decontamination process.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02563-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,5]],"date-time":"2006-12-05T18:31:39Z","timestamp":1165343499000},"page":"7687-7693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Destruction of Spores on Building Decontamination Residue in a Commercial Autoclave"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, 109 T. W. Alexander Dr. E343-06, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Research Group, Inc., 14555 Avion Parkway, Suite 200, Chantilly, Virginia 20151-1102"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Research Group, Inc., 14555 Avion Parkway, Suite 200, Chantilly, Virginia 20151-1102"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Woodard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 625 Broadway, Albany, New York 12233-7258"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Army Corps of Engineers. 2002. Work plan waste removal and facility cleaning Department of State SA-32 Diplomatic Pouch and Mail Facility Sterling VA revision 3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Rapid Response Program and SE&I Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"715","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barkley, W., and J. Richardson. 1994. Laboratory safety, p. 715-734. In P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, W. A. Wood, and N. R. Krieg (ed.), Methods for general and molecular bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Methods for general and molecular bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"695","year":"2000","unstructured":"Block, S. S. 2000. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, p. 695-729. Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"62","volume":"26","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boca, B., E. Pretorius, R. Gochin, R. Chapoullie, and Z. Apostolides. 2002. An overview of the validation approach for moist heat sterilization, part I. Pharm. Technol.26:62-70.","journal-title":"Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Budavari S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck index 12th ed. Merck and Co. Inc. White Station N.J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"219","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fleming, D. O., J. H. Richardson, J. J. Tulis, and D. Vesley (ed.). 1995. Decontamination, sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis, p. 219-237. InLaboratory safety: principles and practices, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.","journal-title":"Laboratory safety: principles and practices"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Gardner J. F. and M. M. Peel (ed.). 1986. Introduction to sterilization and disinfection. Churchill Livingstone New York N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Lemieux P. October 2006 posting date. U.S. EPA R&D program for disposal of building decontamination residue. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. [Online.] http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/nhsrc\/pubs\/paperResidueDisposal101906.pdf\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Lemieux P. J. P. Wood C. W. Lee S. D. Serre M. Denison M. Bockelie A. Sarofim and J. Wendt. October 2006 posting date. Thermal destruction of CB contaminants bound on building materials: experiments and modeling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. [Online.] http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/nhsrc\/pubs\/paperThermalCBModel101906.pdf\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Sieber R. and A. Osborne. 2005. Destruction of spores on building decontamination residue in a commercial autoclave. Publication EPA\/600\/R-05\/081. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"2","year":"1998","unstructured":"State and Territorial Association on Alternate Treatment Technologies, Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. 1998. Alternative medical waste technology efficacy assessment criteria, p. 2-2. In Technical assistance manual. State regulatory oversight of medical waste treatment technologies. State and Territorial Association on Alternate Treatment Technologies, Electric Power Research Institute, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.","journal-title":"State regulatory oversight of medical waste treatment technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"2259","year":"2002","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2002. Validation of microbial recovery from pharmacopeial articles (U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention), p. 2259-2261. InUnited States Pharmacopeia XXV. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Md.","journal-title":"United States Pharmacopeia XXV"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.02563-05","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.02563-05","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T15:59:07Z","timestamp":1645631947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.02563-05"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.02563-05"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02563-05","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-09-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}