{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:21:36Z","timestamp":1790317296148,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Bacteria belonging to the genus\n            <jats:italic>Dehalococcoides<\/jats:italic>\n            play a key role in the complete detoxification of chloroethenes as these organisms are the only microbes known to be capable of dechlorination beyond dichloroethenes to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene. However,\n            <jats:italic>Dehalococcoides<\/jats:italic>\n            strains usually grow slowly with a doubling time of 1 to 2 days and have complex nutritional requirements. Here we describe the growth of\n            <jats:italic>Dehalococcoides ethenogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            195 in a defined mineral salts medium, improved growth of strain 195 when the medium was amended with high concentrations of vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            , and a strategy for maintaining\n            <jats:italic>Dehalococcoides<\/jats:italic>\n            strains on lactate by growing them in consortia. Although strain 195 could grow in defined medium spiked with \u223c0.5 mM trichloroethene (TCE) and 0.001 mg\/liter vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            , the TCE dechlorination and cellular growth rates doubled when the vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            concentration was increased 25-fold to 0.025 mg\/liter. In addition, the final ratios of ethene to VC increased when the higher vitamin concentration was used, which reflected the key role that cobalamin plays in dechlorination reactions. No further improvement in dechlorination or growth was observed when the vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            concentration was increased to more than 0.025 mg\/liter. In defined consortia containing strain 195 along with\n            <jats:italic>Desulfovibrio desulfuricans<\/jats:italic>\n            and\/or\n            <jats:italic>Acetobacterium woodii<\/jats:italic>\n            and containing lactate as the electron donor, tetrachloroethene (\u223c0.4 mM) was completely dechlorinated to VC and ethene and there was concomitant growth of\n            <jats:italic>Dehalococcoides<\/jats:italic>\n            cells. In the cultures that also contained\n            <jats:italic>D. desulfuricans<\/jats:italic>\n            and\/or\n            <jats:italic>A. woodii<\/jats:italic>\n            , strain 195 cells grew to densities that were 1.5 times greater than the densities obtained when the isolate was grown alone. The ratio of ethene to VC was highest in the presence of\n            <jats:italic>A. woodii<\/jats:italic>\n            , an organism that generates cobalamin de novo during metabolism. These findings demonstrate that the growth of\n            <jats:italic>D. ethenogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            strain 195 in defined medium can be optimized by providing high concentrations of vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            and that this strain can be grown to higher densities in cocultures with fermenters that convert lactate to generate the required hydrogen and acetate and that may enhance the availability of vitamin B\n            <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02574-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T02:13:21Z","timestamp":1172888001000},"page":"2847-2853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Influence of Vitamin B\n            <sub>12<\/sub>\n            and Cocultures on the Growth of\n            <i>Dehalococcoides<\/i>\n            Isolates in Defined Medium"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor F.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick K. H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Alvarez-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1710"},{"name":"Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2237418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35046063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Chemical exposures\u2014low levels and high stakes. 1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-27-4-355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.47.3.301-305.1944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"262","volume":"148","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brysch, K., C. 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