{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:54:23Z","timestamp":1793832863152,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vingroup Innovation Foundation, Vietnam","award":["VINIF.2023.DA156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VINIF.2023.DA156"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacillary necrosis of Pangasius (BNP) is a recurrent bacterial disease that poses a major threat to Vietnam\u2019s striped catfish (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pangasianodon hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) aquaculture industry. Although BNP has traditionally been attributed to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Edwardsiella ictaluri<\/jats:italic>\n                      , its etiology remains unresolved due to limitations of species-specific diagnostics. In this study, we investigated acute BNP cases reported at 19 geographically distinct catfish farms across the Mekong River Delta from December 2023 to July 2024. While initial 16S rRNA PCR assays implicated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. ictaluri<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whole-genome sequencing of isolates from 15 of 19 farms (79%) confirmed that all strains belonged to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Edwardsiella tarda<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Experimental challenge in a striped catfish infection model demonstrated that all 15\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. tarda<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were highly virulent, with reisolation of the pathogen fulfilling Koch\u2019s postulates. Phylogenetic analysis identified six distinct clonal lineages, indicating a polyclonal population structure consistent with multiple introductions or diversification of endemic strains. Comparative genomics revealed conserved core genomes within lineages, with diversity in accessory regions driven by prophages and plasmids. Twelve prophages were identified across the genomes, clustering into conserved syntenic pairs and integrating at shared chromosomal hotspots. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed multidrug-resistant phenotypes in multiple lineages, genetically linked to plasmid-borne resistance determinants. Plasmid analyses identified conjugative plasmids with conserved backbones that mediate horizontal transfer of multidrug resistance cassettes, including determinants conferring resistance to \u03b2-lactams, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Collectively, these findings redefined\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. tarda<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the etiologic agent of recent BNP cases in Vietnam and revealed the genomic features underpinning its virulence and multidrug resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Bacillary necrosis of Pangasius (BNP) is a serious disease affecting Vietnam\u2019s striped catfish industry, one of the world\u2019s largest freshwater aquaculture industries. For many years, BNP was attributed to\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Edwardsiella ictaluri<\/jats:italic>\n                        , influencing how the disease was diagnosed and treated. In this study, we found that recent BNP outbreaks were instead caused by multiple strains of the related bacterium\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Edwardsiella tarda<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Experimental infections confirmed that these strains can cause severe disease in striped catfish under controlled laboratory conditions. Some strains also carried multidrug resistance plasmids that were experimentally shown to transfer between bacteria, demonstrating a potential mechanism for the spread of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture systems. We additionally developed a new PCR test that more accurately distinguishes\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. tarda<\/jats:italic>\n                        from closely related species. Together, these findings improve understanding of BNP and provide new tools for its disease diagnosis, surveillance, and management in aquaculture.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02585-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:46:46Z","timestamp":1781182006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polyclonal emergence of virulent, multidrug-resistant\n                    <i>Edwardsiella tarda<\/i>\n                    lineages associated with bacillary necrosis of\n                    <i>Pangasius<\/i>\n                    in striped catfish farms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0718-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trong-Tuong","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00waaqh38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phung-Hieu","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jsgsm79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Evergreen Valley College","place":["San Jose, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinh Q.","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00waaqh38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanh D. N.","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00waaqh38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nga P.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00waaqh38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City","place":["Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oanh T. H.","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University","place":["Can Tho, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h699437","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Becky Mayer Centre for Phage Research, Division of Microbiology and Infection, University of Leicester","place":["Leicester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan-Trung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1212 Acides nucl\u00e9iques: R\u00e9gulations Naturelle et Artificielle (ARNA), Institut Europ\u00e9en de Chimie et Biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux","place":["Pessac, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian D.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-1542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Binh An","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thao P. 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