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In the present study, the effects of carbon dioxide on the growth of and neurotoxin production by nonproteolytic<jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>type E were studied during the growth cycle. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to quantify expression of the type E botulinum neurotoxin gene (<jats:italic>cntE<\/jats:italic>) and the formation of type E neurotoxin. The expression levels of<jats:italic>cntE<\/jats:italic>were similar in two strains, with relative expression peaking in the transition between exponential phase and stationary phase. In stationary phase,<jats:italic>cntE<\/jats:italic>mRNA expression declined rapidly. The<jats:italic>cntE<\/jats:italic>mRNA half-life was calculated to be approximately 9 minutes. Neurotoxin formation occurred in late exponential phase and stationary phase. High carbon dioxide concentrations delayed growth by increasing the lag time and decreasing the maximum growth rate. The effects of carbon dioxide concentration on relative neurotoxin gene expression and neurotoxin formation were significant. Expression of<jats:italic>cntE<\/jats:italic>mRNA and the formation of extracellular neurotoxin were twofold higher with a headspace carbon dioxide concentration of 70% (vol\/vol) compared to 10% (vol\/vol). This finding sheds a new, cautionary light on the potential risks of botulism associated with the use of modified atmosphere packaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02587-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]],"date-time":"2008-03-01T02:37:03Z","timestamp":1204339023000},"page":"2391-2397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Neurotoxin Gene Expression in Nonproteolytic<i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>Type E"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Artin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lo\u0308venklev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ra\u030adstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.5.1159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01192-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(94)90157-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.2002.0424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.17.5693-5701.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"680","volume":"50","year":"2001","unstructured":"CDC. 2001. 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