{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:34:13Z","timestamp":1791171253303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>strains, in general, do not ferment cellobiose and aryl-\u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucosidic sugars, although \u201ccryptic\u201d \u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucoside systems have been characterized. Here we describe an additional cryptic operon (<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>) for the utilization of cellobiose and the aryl-\u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucosides arbutin and salicin at low temperature. The<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>operon was identified by the characterization of \u03b2-glucoside-positive mutants of an<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>septicemia strain (i484) in which the well-studied<jats:italic>bgl<\/jats:italic>(aryl-\u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucoside) operon was deleted. These<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>* mutants appeared after 5 days of incubation on salicin indicator plates at 28\u00b0C. The<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>operon codes for proteins homologous to \u03b2-glucoside\/cellobiose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransfer system permease subunits IIB (BgcE), IIC (BgcF), and IIA (BgcI); a porin (BgcH); and a phospho-\u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucosidase (BgcA). Next to the<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>operon maps the divergent<jats:italic>bgcR<\/jats:italic>gene, which encodes a GntR-type transcriptional regulator. Expression of the<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>operon is dependent on the cyclic-AMP-dependent regulator protein CRP and positively controlled by BgcR. In the<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>* mutants, a single nucleotide exchange enhances the activity of the<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>promoter, rendering it BgcR independent. Typing of a representative collection of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>demonstrated the prevalence of<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>in strains of phylogenetic group B2, representing mainly extraintestinal pathogens, while it is rare among commensal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains. The<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>locus is also present in the closely related species<jats:italic>Escherichia albertii<\/jats:italic>. Further, bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that homologs of the<jats:italic>bgc<\/jats:italic>genes exist in the enterobacterial<jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>spp. and also in gram-positive bacteria, indicative of horizontal gene transfer events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02621-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,22]],"date-time":"2009-02-22T03:34:49Z","timestamp":1235273689000},"page":"2284-2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characterization of a \u03b2-Glucoside Operon (<i>bgc<\/i>) Prevalent in Septicemic and Uropathogenic<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>Strains"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Girish","family":"Neelakanta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zu\u0308lpicher Strasse 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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