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Typhimurium) and Enteritidis (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis) are foodborne pathogens, and outbreaks are often associated with poultry products. Chickens are typically asymptomatic when colonized by these serovars; however, the factors contributing to this observation are uncharacterized. Whereas symptomatic mammals have a body temperature between 37\u00b0C and 39\u00b0C, chickens have a body temperature of 41\u00b0C to 42\u00b0C. Here,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments using chicks demonstrated that numbers of viable\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhimurium or\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis bacteria within the liver and spleen organ sites were \u22654 orders of magnitude lower than those within the ceca. When similar doses of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhimurium or\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis were given to C3H\/HeN mice, the ratio of the intestinal concentration to the liver\/spleen concentration was 1:1. In the avian host, this suggested poor survival within these tissues or a reduced capacity to traverse the host epithelial layer and reach liver\/spleen sites or both.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n                    pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) promotes localization to liver\/spleen tissues through invasion of the epithelial cell layer. Following\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth at 42\u00b0C, SPI-1 genes\n                    <jats:italic>sipC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>invF<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>hilA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the SPI-1\n                    <jats:italic>rtsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    activator were downregulated compared to expression at 37\u00b0C. Overexpression of the\n                    <jats:italic>hilA<\/jats:italic>\n                    activators\n                    <jats:italic>fur<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fliZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>hilD<\/jats:italic>\n                    was capable of inducing\n                    <jats:italic>hilA-lacZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 37\u00b0C but not at 42\u00b0C despite the presence of similar levels of protein at the two temperatures. In contrast, overexpression of either\n                    <jats:italic>hilC<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>rtsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    was capable of inducing\n                    <jats:italic>hilA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>sipC<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 42\u00b0C. These data indicate that physiological parameters of the poultry host, such as body temperature, have a role in modulating expression of virulence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02622-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T23:49:57Z","timestamp":1442620197000},"page":"8192-8201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Poultry Body Temperature Contributes to Invasion Control through Reduced Expression of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Bryan","family":"Troxell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Daron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosni M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Koci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"National Salmonella surveillance annual report","author":"CDC","year":"2011","unstructured":"CDC. 2011. 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