{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:09:43Z","timestamp":1792174183891,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The blacklegged tick,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is of significant public health importance as a vector of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the agent of Lyme borreliosis. The timing of seasonal activity of each immature\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    life stage relative to the next is critical for the maintenance of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    because larvae must feed after an infected nymph to efficiently acquire the infection from reservoir hosts. Recent studies have shown that some strains of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    do not persist in the primary reservoir host for more than a few weeks, thereby shortening the window of opportunity between nymphal and larval feeding that sustains their enzootic maintenance. We tested the hypothesis that climate is predictive of geographic variation in the seasonal activity of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which in turn differentially influences the distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes within the geographic range of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We analyzed the relationships between climate, seasonal activity of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotype frequency in 30 geographically diverse sites in the northeastern and midwestern United States. We found that the magnitude of the difference between summer and winter daily temperature maximums was positively correlated with the degree of seasonal synchrony of the two immature stages of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Genotyping revealed an enrichment of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism sequence type 1 strains relative to others at sites with lower seasonal synchrony. We conclude that climate-associated variability in the timing of\n                    <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    host seeking contributes to geographic heterogeneities in the frequencies of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes, with potential consequences for Lyme borreliosis morbidity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02633-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]],"date-time":"2009-02-27T21:37:41Z","timestamp":1235770661000},"page":"2476-2483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Climate and Tick Seasonality Are Predictors of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    Genotype Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Anne G.","family":"Gatewood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Liebman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenae\u0308l","family":"Vourc'h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural Research, UR346 Animal Epidemiology, F-63122 Saint Gene\u0300s Champanelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bunikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, 3046 Hewitt Hall, Irvine, California 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cortinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 12BA Entomology Hall, East Campus, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest","family":"Melton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Science and Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, California 93955"},{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cislo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824"},{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan G.","family":"Barbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, 3046 Hewitt Hall, Irvine, California 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durland","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Diuk-Wasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"159","year":"1995","unstructured":"Achtman, M. 1995. 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