{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:13:16Z","timestamp":1790727196211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]],"date-time":"2008-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1208217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The increased serum survival gene\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            has long been recognized for its role in extraintestinal pathogenic\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            (ExPEC) virulence.\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            has been identified as a distinguishing trait of avian ExPEC but not of human ExPEC. This gene has been localized to large virulence plasmids and shares strong similarities with the\n            <jats:italic>bor<\/jats:italic>\n            gene from bacteriophage \u03bb. Here, we demonstrate that three alleles of\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            occur among\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates that appear to have evolved from a common \u03bb\n            <jats:italic>bor<\/jats:italic>\n            precursor. In addition to the occurrence of\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            on the ColV\/BM virulence plasmids, at least two\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            alleles occur within the\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            chromosome. One of these alleles (designated type 3) was found to occur in the genomes of all currently sequenced ExPEC strains on a similar prophage element that also harbors the Sit iron and manganese transport system. When the prevalence of the three\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            types was examined among 487\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, the\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            type 3 gene was found to occur at a high frequency among ExPEC isolates, irrespective of the host source. The plasmid-borne\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            allele (designated type 1) was highly prevalent among avian pathogenic\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            and neonatal meningitis-associated\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates but not among uropathogenic\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates. This study demonstrates the evolution of\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            in\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            and provides an additional tool for discriminating among\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            pathotypes through the differentiation of the three\n            <jats:italic>iss<\/jats:italic>\n            allele types and\n            <jats:italic>bor<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02634-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,16]],"date-time":"2008-02-16T02:20:49Z","timestamp":1203128449000},"page":"2360-2369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Evolution of the\n            <i>iss<\/i>\n            Gene in\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, 205 Veterinary Science, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne M.","family":"Wannemuehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI No. 2, Ames, Iowa 50011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI No. 2, Ames, Iowa 50011"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00419-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"131","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barnes, H. J., and W. B. Gross. 1997. Colibacillosis, p. 131-141. In B. W. Calnek, H. J. Barnes, C. W. Beard, L. R. McDougald, and Y. M. Saif (ed.), Diseases of poultry, 10th ed. 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L., S. M. Horne, C. W. Giddings, M. Robinson, and L. K. Nolan. 2000. Iss from a virulent avian Escherichia coli. 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M., J. A. Skyberg, C. M. Logue, and L. K. Nolan. 2006. Detection of Iss and Bor on the surface of Escherichia coli. J. Appl. Microbiol.102:660-666.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Is Salmonella enterica Kentucky a newly emergent poultry adapted strain? abstr. 4420. 2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.12.2908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35054089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1592504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"360","volume":"114","year":"2001","unstructured":"Quirke, A. M., N. Leonard, G. Kelly, J. Egan, P. B. Lynch, T. Rowe, and P. J. Quinn. 2001. Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes on pig carcasses from high- and low-risk herds slaughtered in three abattoirs. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr.114:360-362.","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. 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Chen, D. G. White, S. Zhao, P. McDermott, R. Walker, and J. Meng. 2005. Characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from diseased chickens and swine in China. J. Clin. Microbiol.42:3842-3849.","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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