{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:51:12Z","timestamp":1792590672032,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Migratory birds have the potential to transport exotic vectors and pathogens of human and animal health importance across vast distances. We systematically examined birds that recently migrated to the United States from the Neotropics for ticks. We screened both ticks and birds for tick-borne pathogens, including\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Over two spring seasons (2013 and 2014), 3.56% of birds (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 3,844) representing 42.35% of the species examined (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 85) were infested by ticks. Ground-foraging birds with reduced fuel stores were most commonly infested. Eight tick species were identified, including seven in the genus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Amblyomma<\/jats:named-content>\n            , of which only\n            <jats:italic>Amblyomma maculatum\/Amblyomma triste<\/jats:italic>\n            is known to be established in the United States. Most ticks on birds (67%) were neotropical species with ranges in Central and South America. Additionally, a single\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ixodes<\/jats:named-content>\n            genus tick was detected. A total of 29% of the ticks (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 137) and no avian blood samples (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 100) were positive for infection with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n            species, including\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n            , an emerging cause of spotted fever in humans in the southern United States, a species in the group of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">monacensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and uncharacterized species and endosymbionts of unknown pathogenicity. No avian tick or blood samples tested positive for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. An extrapolation of our findings suggests that anywhere from 4 to 39 million exotic neotropical ticks are transported to the United States annually on migratory songbirds, with uncertain consequences for human and animal health if the current barriers to their establishment and spread are overcome.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02656-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,3]],"date-time":"2015-10-03T00:33:51Z","timestamp":1443832431000},"page":"8366-8378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Avian Migrants Facilitate Invasions of Neotropical Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens into the United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Emily B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Auckland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2008.00076.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01982-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00068.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2111-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1733-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Miller MJ Esser HJ Loaiza JR Herre EA Aguilar C Quintero D Alvarez E Bermingham E. 2014. 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