{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:17:55Z","timestamp":1790248675022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG130136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG130136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/J006874\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/J006874\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            bacteria cause the majority of all shigellosis cases worldwide. However, their distributions differ, with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            predominating in middle- and high-income countries and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            predominating in low-income countries. One proposed explanation for the continued range expansion of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            is that it can survive in amoebae, which could provide a protective environment for the bacteria. In this study, we demonstrate that while both\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. flexneri<\/jats:named-content>\n            can survive coculture with the free-living amoebae\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoebae castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , bacterial growth is predominantly extracellular. All isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            were degraded following phagocytosis by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , unlike those of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which can replicate intracellularly. Our data suggest that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            is not able to use amoebae as a protective host to enhance environmental survival. Therefore, alternative explanations for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            emergence need to be considered.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The distribution of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            species closely mirrors a country's socioeconomic conditions. With the transition of many populous nations from low- to middle-income countries,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections have emerged as a major public health issue. Understanding why\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections are resistant to improvements in living conditions is key to developing methods to reduce exposure to this pathogen. We show that free-living amoebae are not likely to be environmental hosts of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            , as all\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains tested were phagocytosed and degraded by amoebae. Therefore, alternative scenarios are required to explain the emergence and persistence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02679-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T16:16:26Z","timestamp":1522253786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Shigella sonnei Does Not Use Amoebae as Protective Hosts"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jayne","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es072435t"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"325","article-title":"Nutrition: basis for healthy children and mothers in Bangladesh","volume":"26","author":"Faruque AS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faruque AS, Ahmed AM, Ahmed T, Islam MM, Hossain MI, Roy SK, Alam N, Kabir I, Sack DA. 2008. 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