{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:46:36Z","timestamp":1791917196802,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003562","name":"Ministry of Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE201603079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE201603079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio<\/jats:named-content>\n            species are widely distributed in warm estuarine and coastal environments, and they can infect humans through the consumption of raw and mishandled contaminated seafood. In this study, we aimed to isolate and observe the distribution of enteropathogenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. from environments of the southern coast of South Korea over a season cycle. A total of 10,983 isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. were obtained from tidal water and mud samples over a 1-year period from five sampling sites along the southwest coast of South Korea. We found that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio alginolyticus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 6,262) and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1,757) were ubiquitous in both tidal water and mud year round, whereas\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 24) and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 130) were seasonally specific to summer. While all\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates were nontoxigenic (non-O1 and non-O139), more than 88% of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates possessed the virulence factor elastolytic protease (encoded by\n            <jats:italic>vvp<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Interestingly,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which was omnipresent in all seasons, contained the virulence factors thermostable direct hemolysin (encoded by\n            <jats:italic>tdh<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (encoded by\n            <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n            ) in larger amounts in June (29\n            <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive strains) and September (14\n            <jats:italic>tdh<\/jats:italic>\n            -, 36\n            <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n            -, and 12\n            <jats:italic>tdh<\/jats:italic>\n            - and\n            <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive strains) than in December (4\n            <jats:italic>trh<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive strains) and February (3\n            <jats:italic>tdh<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive strains), and virulence factors were absent from isolates detected in April. To understand why virulence factors were detected only in the warm season and were absent in the cold season although the locations are static, long-term monitoring and particularly seasonal study are necessary.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The presence of enteropathogenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio<\/jats:named-content>\n            species (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ), which cause acute diarrheal infection, septicemia, and wound infections upon ingestion through food and water, is usually associated with temperature. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are 1.4 to 4.3 million cases and 28,000 to 142,000 deaths per year worldwide caused by cholera disease. In South Korea alone, consumption is as much as 52.4 kg of fish and shellfish per year per capita. Our findings suggested that seasonally specific acceleration of these possible pathogenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. may threaten seafood safety and increase the risk of illness in South Korea, where local people consume raw fish during warmer months.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02680-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,12]],"date-time":"2016-11-12T04:04:13Z","timestamp":1478923453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Season-Specific Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Vibrio spp. on the Southern Coast of South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Doris Y. W.","family":"Di","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeonghwan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dukki","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hor-Gil","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"175","volume-title":"The biology of vibrios","author":"Urakawa H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Urakawa H RiveraING. 2006. 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