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Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU \u00b7 100 ml\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            , respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of &gt;142 PFU \u00b7 100 ml\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            delineated conditions when \u223c95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus\/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02763-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,12]],"date-time":"2016-11-12T04:04:13Z","timestamp":1478923453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental\/Land Use Factors"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Tineke H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Brassard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Topp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Lapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.1.51-59.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01899-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00254-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04195-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02201.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2010.00686.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/106143006X123085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.4.1587-1594.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01924-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0467-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.9.5707-5710.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6507-6514.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3644-3649.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2013.769201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.9.2956-2962.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v27i2.4999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.5996-6004.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01081.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.11.3960-3966.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2004.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Distribution of coliphages in the environment: general considerations","author":"Furuse K","year":"1987","unstructured":"Furuse K . 1987. 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