{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:29:45Z","timestamp":1787016585164,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Although\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n can produce life-threatening colitis in horses, certain serotypes are more commonly associated with clinical disease. Our aim was to evaluate the proportional morbidity attributed to different serotypes, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n isolates from patients at an equine referral hospital in the southern United States. A total of 255\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n isolates was obtained from clinical samples of patients admitted to the hospital between 2007 and 2015. Phenotypic resistance to 14 antibiotics surveilled by the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System was determined using a commercially available panel. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify serotypes and genotypic AMR. The most common serotypes were\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n serotype Newport (18%),\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n serotype Anatum (15.2%), and\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n serotype Braenderup (11.8%). Most (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 219) of the isolates were pansusceptible, while 25 were multidrug resistant (\u22653 antimicrobial classes). Genes encoding beta-lactam resistance, such as\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV-12<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-27<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM-1B<\/jats:sub>\n , were detected. The\n qnr<\/jats:italic>\n B2 and\n aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n genes were present in isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Genes encoding resistance to gentamicin (\n aph(3\u2032)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n aac(6\u2032)-IIc<\/jats:italic>\n ), streptomycin (\n str<\/jats:italic>\n A and\n str<\/jats:italic>\n B), sulfonamides (\n sul1<\/jats:italic>\n ), trimethoprim (\n dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n ), phenicols (\n catA<\/jats:italic>\n ), tetracyclines [\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n (A) and\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n (E)], and macrolides [\n ere<\/jats:italic>\n (A)] were also identified. The main predicted incompatibility plasmid type was I1 (10%). Core genome-based analyses revealed phylogenetic associations between isolates of common serotypes. The presence of AMR\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n in equine patients increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment and causes concern for potential zoonotic transmission to attending veterinary personnel, animal caretakers, and horse owners. Understanding the epidemiology of\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n in horses admitted to referral hospitals is important for the prevention, control, and treatment of salmonellosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n In horses, salmonellosis is a leading cause of life-threatening colitis. At veterinary teaching hospitals, nosocomial outbreaks can increase the risk of zoonotic transmission, lead to restrictions on admissions, impact hospital reputation, and interrupt educational activities. The antimicrobials most often used in horses are included in the 5th revision of the World Health Organization's list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated a trend of increasing bacterial resistance to drugs commonly used to treat\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n infections. In this study, we identify temporal trends in the distribution of\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n serotypes and their mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance; furthermore, we are able to determine the likely origin of several temporal clusters of infection by using whole-genome sequencing. These data can be used to focus strategies to better contain the dissemination and enhance the mitigation of\n Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n infections and to provide evidence-based policies and guidelines to steward antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02829-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T05:53:46Z","timestamp":1523944426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance among Salmonella enterica Isolates from Patients at an Equine Referral Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. M.","family":"Leon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. D.","family":"Lawhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. N.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. S.","family":"Threadgill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5790-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vinasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. M.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Chapman AM. 2006. Characterizing Salmonella fecal shedding among racehorses in Louisiana. MSc thesis. Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.8.240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0484.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2006.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2005.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.5.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2004.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): 2014 human isolates surveillance report","author":"CDC","year":"2016","unstructured":"CDC. 2016. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): 2014 human isolates surveillance report. CDC, Atlanta, GA. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/narms\/pdf\/2014-Annual-Report-narms-508c.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"321.e4","volume-title":"Equine infectious diseases","author":"Hernandez JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hernandez JA, Long MT, Traub-Dargatz JL, Besser TE. 2014. Salmonellosis, p 321.e4\u2013333.e4. In Sellon DC, Long M (ed), Equine infectious diseases, 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders, St. Louis, MO.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02026-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0546.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00323-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"NCBI. 2018. Genome assembly and annotation report: Salmonella enterica . https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/genome\/genomes\/152?."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03407-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msg074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0524-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2007.0085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"PhD dissertation","author":"Vetro Widenhouse TS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vetro Widenhouse TS. 2004. Equine salmonellosis\u2014molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates and the effect of antibiotics on the cecal microenvironment with particular reference to short-chain fatty acids and the Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes. PhD dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01361-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"272","article-title":"IncHI plasmids, a dynamic link between resistance and pathogenicity","volume":"2","author":"Phan MD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phan MD, Wain J. 2008. IncHI plasmids, a dynamic link between resistance and pathogenicity. J Infect Dev Ctries 2:272\u2013278.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"Colicins and colicinogenic factors","volume":"12","author":"Fredericq P","year":"1958","unstructured":"Fredericq P. 1958. Colicins and colicinogenic factors. Symp Soc Exp Biol 12:104\u2013122.","journal-title":"Symp Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00595.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00007-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.78.082907.145923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.21.6650-6655.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014890"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.8.2512-2518.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.1.10-13.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2003.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","volume-title":"Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance\u2014guidance from a WHO advisory group","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. 2013. Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance\u2014guidance from a WHO advisory group. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01030-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","unstructured":"Gustafsson A. 2004. Antibiotic associated diarrhea in horses. PhD thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2650131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2015.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1487-1492.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard\u2014twelfth edition","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2015. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard\u2014twelfth edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","volume-title":"2012\u20132013 integrated report data tables","author":"CDC","year":"2013","unstructured":"CDC. 2013. 2012\u20132013 integrated report data tables. CDC, Atlanta, GA. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AnimalVeterinary\/SafetyHealth\/AntimicrobialResistance\/NationalAntimicrobialResistanceMonitoringSystem\/UCM453387.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14751-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0090-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Proceedings","author":"Nurk S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nurk S, Bankevich A, Antipov D, Gurevich A, Korobeynikov A, Lapidus A, Prjibelsky A, Pyshkin A, Sirotkin A, Sirotkin Y, Stepanauskas R, McLean J, Lasken R, Clingenpeel SR, Woyke T, Tesler G, Alekseyev MA, Pevzner PA. 2013. Assembling genomes and mini-metagenomes from highly chimeric reads, p 158\u2013170. In Deng M, Jiang R, Sun F, Zhang X (ed), Research in computational molecular biology: 17th Annual International Conference, RECOMB 2013, Beijing, China, April 7\u201310, 2013. Proceedings. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","unstructured":"Babraham Bioinformatics. 2018. FastQC\/0.11.6-Java-1.8.0. http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Rambaut A. 2009. FigTree v1.4.2. Molecular evolution phylogenetics and epidemiology. http:\/\/tree.bio.ed.ac.uk."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00447-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4679-4684.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera AJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viera AJ, Garrett JM. 2005. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med 37:360\u2013363.","journal-title":"Fam Med"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.02829-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.02829-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T13:40:53Z","timestamp":1645623653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.02829-17"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eric V.","family":"Stabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.02829-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02829-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02829-17"}}