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In South America, three additional rickettsial strains, namely, Atlantic rainforest, NOD, and Parvitarsum, have been isolated from the ticks\n Amblyomma ovale<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n Amblyomma nodosum<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n Amblyomma parvitarsum<\/jats:named-content>\n , respectively. These three strains are phylogenetically closely related to\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n Rickettsia africae<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n Rickettsia sibirica<\/jats:named-content>\n . Herein, we performed a robust phylogenetic analysis encompassing 5 genes (\n gltA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ompA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n virB4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n dnaA<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n ) and 3 intergenic spacers (\n mppE-pur<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n rrl-rrf<\/jats:italic>\n -ITS, and\n rpmE<\/jats:italic>\n -tRNA\n fMet<\/jats:sup>\n ) from 41 rickettsial isolates, including different isolates of\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n R. africae<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n R. sibirica<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n Rickettsia conorii<\/jats:named-content>\n , and strains Atlantic rainforest, NOD, and Parvitarsum. In our phylogenetic analyses, all New World isolates grouped in a major clade distinct from the Old World\n Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>\n species (\n R. conorii<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n R. sibirica<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n R. africae<\/jats:named-content>\n ). This New World clade was subdivided into the following 4 clades: the\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n sensu stricto<\/jats:named-content>\n clade, comprising the type strain Maculatum 20 and all other isolates of\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n from North and South America, associated with ticks of the\n A. maculatum<\/jats:named-content>\n species complex; the strain NOD clade, comprising two South American isolates from\n A. nodosum<\/jats:named-content>\n ticks; the Parvitarsum clade, comprising two South American isolates from\n A. parvitarsum<\/jats:named-content>\n ticks; and the strain Atlantic rainforest clade, comprising six South American isolates from the\n A. ovale<\/jats:named-content>\n species complex (\n A. ovale<\/jats:named-content>\n or\n Amblyomma aureolatum<\/jats:named-content>\n ). Under such evidences, we propose that strains Atlantic rainforest, NOD, and Parvitarsum are South American strains of\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n Since the description of\n Rickettsia parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n infecting ticks of the \u201c\n Amblyomma maculatum<\/jats:named-content>\n species complex\u201d and humans in the New World, three novel phylogenetic close-related rickettsial isolates were reported in South America. Herein, we provide genetic evidence that these novel isolates, namely, strains Atlantic rainforest, NOD, and Parvitarsum, are South American strains of\n R. parkeri.<\/jats:named-content>\n Interestingly, each of these\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n strains seems to be primarily associated with a tick species group, namely,\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n sensu stricto<\/jats:named-content>\n with the \u201c\n Amblyomma maculatum<\/jats:named-content>\n species group,\u201d\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n strain NOD with\n Amblyomma nodosum<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n strain Parvitarsum with\n Amblyomma parvitarsum<\/jats:named-content>\n , and\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n strain Atlantic rainforest with the \u201c\n Amblyomma ovale<\/jats:named-content>\n species group.\u201d Such rickettsial strain-tick species specificity suggests a coevolution of each tick-strain association. Finally, because\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n sensu stricto<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n strain Atlantic rainforest are human pathogens, the potential of\n R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>\n strains NOD and Parvitarsum to be human pathogens cannot be discarded.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02872-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T14:59:45Z","timestamp":1518188385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Phylogenetic Evidence for the Existence of Multiple Strains of Rickettsia parkeri in the New World"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Fernanda A.","family":"Nieri-Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arlei","family":"Marcili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Mestrado em Medicina e Bem-Estar Animal, Universidade Santo Amaro, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"De Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Paddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Labruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4587134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4582985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"The Rocky Mountain spotted fever group of rickettsias","volume":"2","author":"Lackman DB","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lackman DB, Bell EJ, Stoenner HG, Pickens EG. 1965. 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