{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:03:15Z","timestamp":1775538195307,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]],"date-time":"2013-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Protection of the human lung from infectious agents, allergens, and ultrafine particles is difficult with current technologies. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters remove airborne particles of &gt;0.3 \u03bcm with 99.97% efficiency, but they are expensive to maintain. Electrostatic precipitation has been used as an inexpensive approach to remove large particles from airflows, but it has a collection efficiency minimum in the submicrometer size range, allowing for a penetration window for some allergens and ultrafine particles. Incorporating soft X-ray irradiation as an\n            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n            component of the electrostatic precipitation process greatly improves capture efficiency of ultrafine particles. Here we demonstrate the removal and inactivation capabilities of soft-X-ray-enhanced electrostatic precipitation technology targeting infectious agents (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:named-content>\n            BCG, and poxviruses), allergens, and ultrafine particles. Incorporation of\n            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n            soft X-ray irradiation at low-intensity corona conditions resulted in (i) 2-fold to 9-fold increase in capture efficiency of 200- to 600-nm particles and (ii) a considerable delay in the mean day of death as well as lower overall mortality rates in ectromelia virus (ECTV) cohorts. At the high-intensity corona conditions, nearly complete protection from viral and bacterial respiratory infection was afforded to the murine models for all biological agents tested. When optimized for combined efficient particle removal with limited ozone production, this technology could be incorporated into stand-alone indoor air cleaners or scaled for installation in aircraft cabin, office, and residential heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02897-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,22]],"date-time":"2012-12-22T07:03:55Z","timestamp":1356159835000},"page":"1333-1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Soft-X-Ray-Enhanced Electrostatic Precipitation for Protection against Inhalable Allergens, Ultrafine Particles, and Microbial Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Kettleson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Schriewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Mark L.","family":"Buller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pratim","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63697-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"SoniA. 2009. The five most costly conditions 1996 and 2006: estimates for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Statistical brief #248. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville MD. http:\/\/www.meps.ahrq.gov\/mepsweb\/data_files\/publications\/st248\/stat248.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"471","article-title":"Time-activity-patterns of some selected small groups as a basis for exposure estimation: a methodological study","volume":"7","author":"Dorre WH","year":"1997","unstructured":"DorreWH. 1997. Time-activity-patterns of some selected small groups as a basis for exposure estimation: a methodological study. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 7:471\u2013491.","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. 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