{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T18:29:05Z","timestamp":1788632945098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Solar disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is a simple, efficient point-of-use technique for the inactivation of many bacterial pathogens. In contrast, the efficiency of SODIS against viruses is not well known. In this work, we studied the inactivation of bacteriophages (MS2 and \u03d5X174) and human viruses (echovirus 11 and adenovirus type 2) by SODIS. We conducted experiments in PET bottles exposed to (simulated) sunlight at different temperatures (15, 22, 26, and 40\u00b0C) and in water sources of diverse compositions and origins (India and Switzerland). Good inactivation of MS2 (&gt;6-log inactivation after exposure to a total fluence of 1.34 kJ\/cm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            ) was achieved in Swiss tap water at 22\u00b0C, while less-efficient inactivation was observed in Indian waters and for echovirus (1.5-log inactivation at the same fluence). The DNA viruses studied, \u03d5X174 and adenovirus, were resistant to SODIS, and the inactivation observed was equivalent to that occurring in the dark. High temperatures enhanced MS2 inactivation substantially; at 40\u00b0C, 3-log inactivation was achieved in Swiss tap water after exposure to a fluence of only 0.18 kJ\/cm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            . Overall, our findings demonstrate that SODIS may reduce the load of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, such as echoviruses, particularly at high temperatures and in photoreactive matrices. In contrast, complementary measures may be needed to ensure efficient inactivation during SODIS of DNA viruses resistant to oxidation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02897-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,24]],"date-time":"2015-10-24T12:55:39Z","timestamp":1445691339000},"page":"279-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Solar Disinfection of Viruses in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Carratal\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Dionisio Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Mattle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regula","family":"Meierhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Luzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"The millennium development goals report","author":"United Nations","year":"2014","unstructured":"United Nations. 2014. 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