{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T21:20:18Z","timestamp":1694640018155},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In 2001, envelopes loaded with\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores were mailed to Senators Daschle and Leahy as well as to the New York Post and NBC News buildings. Additional letters may have been mailed to other news agencies because there was confirmed anthrax infection of employees at these locations. These events heightened the awareness of the lack of understanding of the mechanism(s) by which objects contaminated with a biological agent might spread disease. This understanding is crucial for the estimation of the potential for exposure to ensure the appropriate response in the event of future attacks. In this study, equipment to simulate interactions between envelopes and procedures to analyze the spread of spores from a \u201cpayload\u201d envelope (i.e., loaded internally with a powdered spore preparation) onto neighboring envelopes were developed. Another process to determine whether an aerosol could be generated by opening contaminated envelopes was developed. Subsequent generations of contaminated envelopes originating from a single payload envelope showed a consistent two-log decrease in the number of spores transferred from one generation to the next. Opening a tertiary contaminated envelope resulted in an aerosol containing 10\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            spores. We developed a procedure for sampling contaminated letters by a nondestructive method aimed at providing information useful for consequence management while preserving the integrity of objects contaminated during the incident and preserving evidence for law enforcement agencies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02978-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,29]],"date-time":"2010-05-29T03:34:22Z","timestamp":1275104062000},"page":"4797-4804","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multigeneration Cross Contamination of Mail with\n            <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n            Species Spores by Tumbling"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army, Department of Defense, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army, Department of Defense, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army, Department of Defense, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. D. Alan","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-R11, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army, Department of Defense, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Shadomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS C-09, Atlanta, Georgia 30329"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hornsby-Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-R11, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.7.863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00940-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03331.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"452","volume":"104","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cymet, T., and G. 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