{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:12Z","timestamp":1791266952717,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulism due to type F botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT\/F) is rare (&lt;1% of cases), and only a limited number of clostridial strains producing this toxin type have been isolated. As a result, analysis of the diversity of genes encoding BoNT\/F has been challenging. In this study, the entire<jats:italic>bont\/F<\/jats:italic>nucleotide sequences were determined from 33 type F botulinum toxin-producing clostridial strains isolated from environmental sources and botulism outbreak investigations. We examined proteolytic and nonproteolytic<jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>type F strains, bivalent strains, including Bf and Af, and<jats:italic>Clostridium baratii<\/jats:italic>type F strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the<jats:italic>bont\/F<\/jats:italic>genes examined formed 7 subtypes (F1 to F7) and that the nucleotide sequence identities of these subtypes differed by up to 25%. The genes from proteolytic (group I)<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>strains formed subtypes F1 through F5, while the genes from nonproteolytic (group II)<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>strains formed subtype F6. Subtype F7 was composed exclusively of<jats:italic>bont\/F<\/jats:italic>genes from<jats:italic>C. baratii<\/jats:italic>strains. The region of the<jats:italic>bont\/F5<\/jats:italic>gene encoding the neurotoxin light chain was found to be highly divergent compared to the other subtypes. Although the<jats:italic>bont\/F5<\/jats:italic>nucleotide sequences were found to be identical in strains harboring this gene, the gene located directly upstream (<jats:italic>ntnh\/F<\/jats:italic>) demonstrated sequence variation among representative strains of this subtype. These results demonstrate that extensive nucleotide diversity exists among genes encoding type F neurotoxins from strains with different phylogenetic backgrounds and from various geographical sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03109-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,29]],"date-time":"2010-05-29T03:34:22Z","timestamp":1275104062000},"page":"4805-4812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Sequence Diversity of Genes Encoding Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Brian H.","family":"Raphael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory J.","family":"Choudoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lu\u0301quez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Ferna\u0301ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Microbiologi\u0301a, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Maslanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1713-1715.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4280-4282.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Botulism in the United States (1899-1996). 1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00313.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00799-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"53","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dowell, V. 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