{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:54:06Z","timestamp":1789966446274,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA NIFA","award":["2014-67017-21705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-67017-21705"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Vegetable seeds have the potential to disseminate and transmit foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study was undertaken to assess the abilities of selected\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            and enterohemorrhagic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            (EHEC) strains to attach to fungicide-treated versus untreated, and intact versus mechanically damaged, seeds of alfalfa, fenugreek, lettuce, and tomato. Surface-sanitized seeds (2 g) were exposed to four individual strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            or EHEC at 20\u00b0C for 5 h. Contaminated seeds were rinsed twice, each with 10 ml of sterilized water, before being soaked overnight in 5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline at 4\u00b0C. The seeds were then vortexed vigorously for 1 min, and pathogen populations in seed rinse water and soaking buffer were determined using a standard plate count assay. In general, the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells had higher attachment ratios than the EHEC cells. Lettuce seeds by unit weight had the highest numbers of attached\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            or EHEC cells, followed by tomato, alfalfa, and fenugreek seeds. In contrast, individual fenugreek seeds had more attached pathogen cells, followed by lettuce, alfalfa, and tomato seeds. Significantly more\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            and EHEC cells attached to mechanically damaged seeds than to intact seeds (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05). Although, on average, significantly more\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            and EHEC cells were recovered from untreated than fungicide-treated seeds (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05), fungicide treatment did not significantly affect the attachment of individual bacterial strains to vegetable seeds (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05), with a few exceptions. This study fills gaps in the current body of literature and helps explain bacterial interactions with vegetable seeds with differing surface characteristics.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Vegetable seeds, specifically sprout seeds, have the potential to disseminate and transmit foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study investigated the interaction between two important bacterial pathogens, i.e.,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            and EHEC, and vegetable seeds with differing surface characteristics. This research helps understand whether seed surface structure, integrity, and fungicide treatment affect the interaction between bacterial cells and vegetable seeds.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03170-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T02:40:26Z","timestamp":1485571226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Differential Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to Alfalfa, Fenugreek, Lettuce, and Tomato Seeds"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Walcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebm1152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"from 2004-2013","author":"Fischer N","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fischer N BourneA PlunkettD. 2015. 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