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This study was conducted on seven mule duck flocks harboring asymptomatic birds to explore the circulation and persistence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. psittaci<\/jats:named-content>\n            during the entire breeding process and assess the potential sources of worker exposure. Cloacal swabs and air samples were taken on each occasion requiring humans to handle the birds. In parallel, environmental samples, including dust, water, and soil, were collected. Specific real-time PCR analyses revealed the presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. psittaci<\/jats:named-content>\n            in all flocks but with three different shedding patterns involving ducks about the age of 4, 8, and 12 weeks with heavy, moderate, and low excretion levels, respectively. Air samples were only positive in flocks harboring heavy shedders. Dust in flocks with heavy or moderate shedders carried chlamydial loads strongly associated with the loads detected in avian and soil samples. Environmental contamination, significantly correlated with shedding dynamics, was considered to be the most probable source of exposure. The high prevalence of bacteriophage Chp1 in all flocks, mostly jointly present with chlamydia, suggests an important factor in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. psittaci<\/jats:named-content>\n            persistence, thus creating a greater risk for humans. A survey conducted in these flocks regarding farming practices and activities showed that disinfection seems to be the most promising practice for reducing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. psittaci<\/jats:named-content>\n            prevalence in ducks and that the place and the duration of action during operations seem to be potential risk factors. Strict adherence to good practices is strongly recommended.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03179-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T03:23:20Z","timestamp":1451359400000},"page":"1504-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Hulin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary School, Oniris, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Vorimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Aaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Cl\u00e9va","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Practice, L'Oie, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Robineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAS Breheret, La Poitevini\u00e8re, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris-Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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