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Several decades later, investigators characterized this SFGR (designated the parumapertus agent) by using mouse serotyping methods and determined that it represented a distinct rickettsial serotype closely related to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia parkeri<\/jats:named-content>; nonetheless, the parumapertus agent was not further characterized or studied. To our knowledge, no isolates of the parumapertus agent remain in any rickettsial culture collection, which precludes contemporary phylogenetic placement of this enigmatic SFGR. To rediscover the parumapertus agent, adult-stage<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">D. parumapertus<\/jats:named-content>ticks were collected from black-tailed jackrabbits shot or encountered as roadkills in Arizona, Utah, or Texas from 2011 to 2016. A total of 339 ticks were collected and evaluated for infection with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>species. Of 112<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">D. parumapertus<\/jats:named-content>ticks collected in south Texas, 16 (14.3%) contained partial<jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic>sequences with the closest identity (99.6%) to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. strain Atlantic rainforest Aa46, an SFGR that is closely related or identical to an SFGR species that causes a mild rickettsiosis in several states of Brazil. A pure isolate, designated strain Black Gap, was cultivated in Vero E6 cells, and sequence analysis of the<jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>sca0<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>sca5<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>sca4<\/jats:italic>genes also revealed the closest genetic identity to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. Atlantic rainforest Aa46. Phylogenetic analysis of the five concatenated rickettsial genes place<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. strain Black Gap and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. Atlantic rainforest Aa46 with<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>in a distinct and well-supported clade.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>We suggest that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. Black Gap and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. Atlantic rainforest Aa46 represent nearly identical strains of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>and that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rickettsia<\/jats:named-content>sp. Black Gap or a very similar strain of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>represents the parumapertus agent. The close genetic relatedness among these taxa, as well as the response of guinea pigs infected with the Black Gap strain, suggests that<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>Black Gap could cause disease in humans. The identification of this organism could also account, at least in part, for the remarkable differences in severity ascribed to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) among various regions of the American West during the early 20th century. We suggest that the wide variation in case fatality rates attributed to RMSF could have occurred by the inadvertent inclusion of cases of milder disease caused by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">R. parkeri<\/jats:named-content>Black Gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03463-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,18]],"date-time":"2017-02-18T01:55:19Z","timestamp":1487382919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Unique Strain of Rickettsia parkeri Associated with the Hard Tick Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann in the Western United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Paddock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle E. 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