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However, resources against the most serious agricultural pathogens, plant root-knot nematodes, are limited. The genomes of several highly nematicidal virulent Bt strains from our laboratory have been sequenced, facilitating the identification of novel Cry proteins and other virulence factors. We identified two novel Cry proteins, Cry5Ca1 and Cry5Da1, that exhibit high toxicity against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Meloidogyne incognita<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Using the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:named-content>\n            model, the two Cry5 toxins were shown to negatively affect nematode life span, fertility, and survival. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s) of Cry5Ca1 and Cry5Da1 were 57.22 \u03bcg\/ml and 36.69 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. Moreover, a synergistic effect (synergism factor, 1.61 to 2.04) was observed for nematicidal toxicity of Cry5Ca1 and Cry5Da1, which is accordant with the phylogenetic results suggesting that domain II of the two novel Cry5 toxins evolved into two independent clades. Through comparison of the depressed degree of toxicity in the \u03b2-methylgalactoside detoxification test, we found that the novel toxin Cry5D possesses a different galactose-binding epitope; meanwhile, the finding that Cry5D does not share a motif (GXXXE) in the corresponding loop of domain II with Cry5B could explain the different galactose binding performance. Additionally, low-level cross-resistance of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. elegans bre<\/jats:named-content>\n            mutant strains was evident between Cry5B and Cry5D. These results suggest that Cry5D can be used as an alternative to delay the potential resistance of nematodes to Cry5B.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Although proper gene resources for Bt crops against the most serious agricultural pathogens, plant root-knot nematodes, are limited, we have identified two novel nematicidal toxins, Cry5Ca1 and Cry5Da1, against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. incognita<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which have supplied more gene candidates for Bt crops designed against nematodes. Moreover, the association of the dissimilarity between Cry5Da1 and Cry5Ba1 and their low cross-resistance can be attributed not only to a low sequence similarity of domain II but also to the structural difference of the key motif and receptor-binding epitope in the loops. This association facilitates the selection of a proper candidate for the prospective design of pyramided Bt crops that can delay potential resistance.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03505-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]],"date-time":"2017-07-15T00:30:18Z","timestamp":1500078618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Dissimilar Crystal Proteins Cry5Ca1 and Cry5Da1 Synergistically Act against Meloidogyne incognita and Delay Cry5Ba-Based Nematode Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ce","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State 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