{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:29:29Z","timestamp":1787016569795,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]],"date-time":"2015-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    inhabits estuarine and coastal waters globally, but its clinical significance has not been sufficiently investigated, despite the fact that it has been associated with septicemia and gastroenteritis. The emergence of virulent non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is consistent with the recognition of new pathogenic variants worldwide. Oyster, sediment, and water samples were collected during a vibrio surveillance program carried out from 2009 to 2012 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    O1 was detected by a direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) assay but was not successfully cultured, whereas 395 isolates of non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    were confirmed by multiplex PCR and serology. Only a few of the non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    isolates were resistant to ampicillin and\/or penicillin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested, and 77 to 90% carried the El Tor variant hemolysin gene\n                    <jats:italic>hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>\n                    , the actin cross-linking repeats in toxin gene\n                    <jats:italic>rtxA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the hemagglutinin protease gene\n                    <jats:italic>hap<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the type 6 secretion system. About 19 to 21% of the isolates carried the neuraminidase-encoding gene\n                    <jats:italic>nanH<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\/or the heat-stable toxin (NAG-ST), and only 5% contained a type 3 secretion system. None of the non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    isolates contained\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenicity island-associated genes. However,\n                    <jats:italic>ctxA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ace<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <jats:italic>zot<\/jats:italic>\n                    was present in nine isolates. Fifty-five different genotypes showed up to 12 virulence factors, independent of the source of isolation, and represent the first report of both antibiotic susceptibility and virulence associated with non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    from the Chesapeake Bay. Since these results confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic non-O1\/non-O139\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , monitoring for total\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , regardless of serotype, should be done within the context of public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03540-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T21:54:53Z","timestamp":1420235693000},"page":"1909-1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Non-O1\/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Carrying Multiple Virulence Factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah M.","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita R.","family":"Colwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"CosmosID Inc., College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"National Enteric Disease Surveillance: COVIS annual summary, 2012","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. 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