{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1791266950974,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n We report the development of real-time PCR assays for genotyping\n Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n group III targeting the newly defined\n C. novyi sensu lato<\/jats:named-content>\n group; the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNH)-encoding gene\n ntnh<\/jats:italic>\n ; the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-encoding genes\n bont\/C<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n bont\/C\/D<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n bont\/D<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n bont\/D\/C<\/jats:italic>\n ; and the flagellin (\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n ) gene. The genetic diversity of\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n among\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n group III strains resulted in the definition of five major subgroups named\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -I to\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -V. Investigation of\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n subtypes in 560 samples, with various European origins, showed that\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -I was predominant and found exclusively in samples contaminated by\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n type C\/D,\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -II was rarely detected, no sample was recorded as\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -III or\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -V, and only\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n type D\/C samples tested positive for\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -IV. The lack of genetic diversity of the flagellin gene of\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n type C\/D would support a clonal spread of type C\/D strains in different geographical areas.\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -I to\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -III are genetically related (87% to 92% sequence identity), whereas\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -IV from\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n type D\/C is more genetically distant from the other\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n types (with only 50% sequence identity). These findings suggest\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -I to\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -III have evolved in a common environment and support a different genetic evolution for\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n -IV. A combination of the\n C. novyi sensu lato<\/jats:named-content>\n ,\n ntnh<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n bont<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n fliC<\/jats:italic>\n PCR assays developed in this study allowed better characterization of\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n group III and showed the group to be less genetically diverse than\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n groups I and II, supporting a slow genetic evolution of the strains belonging to\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n group III.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03915-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,31]],"date-time":"2015-01-31T04:54:28Z","timestamp":1422680068000},"page":"2495-2505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Molecular Gene Profiling of Clostridium botulinum Group III and Its Detection in Naturally Contaminated Samples Originating from Various European Countries"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Cedric","family":"Woudstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Le Mar\u00e9chal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzan\u00e9 Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9enne de Bretagne, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozenn","family":"Souillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzan\u00e9 Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9enne de Bretagne, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Bayon-Auboyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABOCEA, Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Anniballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS) Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS) Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"De Medici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (ISS) Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Laboratorio di Treviso, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Koene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen, UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNC, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Paita, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Desoutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNC, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Paita, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Hansbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Biological Toxins, Consultant Laboratory for Clostridium botulinum, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin B.","family":"Dorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Biological Toxins, Consultant Laboratory for Clostridium botulinum, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte G.","family":"Dorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Biological Toxins, Consultant Laboratory for Clostridium botulinum, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Botulism: the present status of the disease","volume":"195","author":"Hatheway CL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hatheway CL. 1995. 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