{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1791470734059,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MO 2023\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO 2023\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AW 7\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AW 7\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Novel decontamination technologies, including cold low-pressure plasma and blue light (400 nm), are promising alternatives to conventional surface decontamination methods. However, the standardization of the assessment of such sterilization processes remains to be accomplished. Bacterial endospores of the genera\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Geobacillus<\/jats:named-content>\n            are frequently used as biological indicators (BIs) of sterility. Ensuring standardized and reproducible BIs for reliable testing procedures is a significant problem in industrial settings. In this study, an electrically driven spray deposition device was developed, allowing fast, reproducible, and homogeneous preparation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:named-content>\n            168 spore monolayers on glass surfaces. A detailed description of the structural design as well as the operating principle of the spraying device is given. The reproducible formation of spore monolayers of up to 5 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n            spores per sample was verified by scanning electron microscopy. Surface inactivation studies revealed that monolayered spores were inactivated by UV-C (254 nm), low-pressure argon plasma (500 W, 10 Pa, 100 standard cubic cm per min), and blue light (400 nm) significantly faster than multilayered spores were. We have thus succeeded in the uniform preparation of reproducible, highly concentrated spore monolayers with the potential to generate BIs for a variety of nonpenetrating surface decontamination techniques.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.03934-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,23]],"date-time":"2016-01-23T01:41:19Z","timestamp":1453513279000},"page":"2031-2038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Improvement of Biological Indicators by Uniformly Distributing Bacillus subtilis Spores in Monolayers To Evaluate Enhanced Spore Decontamination Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Raguse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Space Microbiology Research Group, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Fiebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Stapelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Biomedical Applications of Plasma Technology, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazimierz","family":"Madela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Laue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Wilm","family":"Lackmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Biomedical Applications of Plasma Technology, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne E.","family":"Thwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Salisbury, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Setlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Farmington, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Awakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Space Microbiology Research Group, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390701638878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02736.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:98-100:1-9:525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Biological indicators, tools to verify the effect of sterilization processes\u2014position paper prepared on behalf of group 1 (biological methods and statistical analysis)","volume":"2","author":"Haberer K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haberer K, van Doorne H. 2011. 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