{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:14:38Z","timestamp":1790950478667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-04942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-04942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005753","name":"Kungliga Fysiografiska S\u00e4llskapet i Lund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Soil salinization is a growing threat to global agriculture and carbon sequestration, but to date it remains unclear how microbial processes will respond. We studied the acute response to salt exposure of a range of anabolic and catabolic microbial processes, including bacterial (leucine incorporation) and fungal (acetate incorporation into ergosterol) growth rates, respiration, and gross N mineralization and nitrification rates. To distinguish effects of specific ions from those of overall ionic strength, we compared the addition of four salts frequently associated with soil salinization (NaCl, KCl, Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and K\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to a nonsaline soil. To compare the tolerance of different microbial processes to salt and to interrelate the toxicity of different salts, concentration-response relationships were established. Growth-based measurements revealed that fungi were more resistant to salt exposure than bacteria. Effects by salt on C and N mineralization were indistinguishable, and in contrast to previous studies, nitrification was not found to be more sensitive to salt exposure than other microbial processes. The ion-specific toxicity of certain salts could be observed only for respiration, which was less inhibited by salts containing SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    than Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    salts, in contrast to the microbial growth assessments. This suggested that the inhibition of microbial growth was explained solely by total ionic strength, while ion-specific toxicity also should be considered for effects on microbial decomposition. This difference resulted in an apparent reduction of microbial growth efficiency in response to exposure to SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    salts but not to Cl\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    salts; no evidence was found to distinguish K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    salts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.04052-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T20:41:19Z","timestamp":1453495279000},"page":"2012-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["Comparative Toxicities of Salts on Microbial Processes in Soil"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Rath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Maheshwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Bengtson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Rousk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Overview of salinity problems in the world and FAO strategies to address the problem","author":"Martinez-Beltran J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martinez-Beltran J, Manzur CL. 2005. Overview of salinity problems in the world and FAO strategies to address the problem, p 311\u2013314. In Proceedings of the International Salinity Forum, Riverside, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Salt-affected soils","author":"Szabolcs I","year":"1989","unstructured":"Szabolcs I. 1989. Salt-affected soils. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.0347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04225.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(98)00117-5","article-title":"Soil microbial community structure: effects of substrate loading rates","volume":"31","author":"Griffiths BS","year":"1999","unstructured":"Griffiths BS, Ritz K, Ebblewhite N, Dobson G. 1999. Soil microbial community structure: effects of substrate loading rates. Soil Biol Biochem 31:145\u2013153.","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0026.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1745.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(03)00027-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740000309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2013.10.013","article-title":"Carbon and nitrogen mineralization at different salinity levels in Omani low organic matter soils","volume":"100","author":"Al-Busaidi KTS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Busaidi KTS, Buerkert A, Joergensen RG. 2014. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization at different salinity levels in Omani low organic matter soils. J Arid Environ 100:106\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01106.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2013.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-0918-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00017949"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1963.03615995002700060028x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02149821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02370619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-198505000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01376343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2013.797571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(78)90099-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02775-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(99)00191-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182410","article-title":"Thymidine and leucine incorporation in soil bacteria with different cell-size","volume":"27","author":"B\u00e5\u00e5th E","year":"1994","unstructured":"B\u00e5\u00e5th E. 1994. Thymidine and leucine incorporation in soil bacteria with different cell-size. Microb Ecol 27:267\u2013278.","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(01)00073-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Use of isotope and radiation methods in soil and water management and crop nutrition","author":"IAEA","year":"2001","unstructured":"IAEA. 2001. Use of isotope and radiation methods in soil and water management and crop nutrition. IAEA, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2011.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00103620009370458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.37.4.760-765.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2006.01143.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(85)90106-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(92)90020-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1939274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1979.482251x","article-title":"Effect of pH on maximum bacterial growth rate and its possible role as a determinant of bacterial competition in the rumen","volume":"48","author":"Russell JB","year":"1979","unstructured":"Russell JB, Sharp WM, Baldwin RL. 1979. Effect of pH on maximum bacterial growth rate and its possible role as a determinant of bacterial competition in the rumen. J Anim Sci 48:251\u2013255.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy transduction in microbial systems","volume":"27","author":"Garland PB","year":"1977","unstructured":"Garland PB. 1977. Energy transduction in microbial systems. Symp Soc Gen Microbiol 27:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Symp Soc Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62219-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(89)90077-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.2.880-886.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40350-4","article-title":"Inhibition of protein-synthesis by Cl\u2212","volume":"252","author":"Weber LA","year":"1977","unstructured":"Weber LA, Hickey ED, Maroney PA, Baglioni C. 1977. Inhibition of protein-synthesis by Cl\u2212. J Biol Chem 252:4007\u20134010.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.24.7405-7408.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(93)90140-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(95)00093-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/332973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Potential denitrification and nitrification tests for evaluation of pesticide effects in soil","volume":"27","author":"Pell M","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pell M, Stenberg B, Torstensson L. 1998. Potential denitrification and nitrification tests for evaluation of pesticide effects in soil. Ambio 27:24\u201328.","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.2530060307"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.04052-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.04052-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T13:20:33Z","timestamp":1645622433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.04052-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.04052-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.04052-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-01-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-03-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}