{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:29:44Z","timestamp":1790429384044,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]],"date-time":"2011-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a saprophytic bacterium which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a common cause of fatal bacterial pneumonia and sepsis in the tropics. The incidence of melioidosis is clustered spatially and temporally and is heavily linked to rainfall and extreme weather events. Clinical case clustering has recently been reported in Townsville, Australia, and has implicated Castle Hill, a granite monolith in the city center, as a potential reservoir of infection. Topsoil and water from seasonal groundwater seeps were collected around the base of Castle Hill and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the type III secretion system genes for the presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The organism was identified in 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5 to 80.4) of soil samples (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 40) and 92.5% (95% CI, 83.9 to 100) of seasonal groundwater samples (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 40). Further sampling of water collected from roads and gutters in nearby residential areas after an intense rainfall event found that 88.2% (95% CI, 72.9 to 100) of samples (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 16) contained viable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            at concentrations up to 113 CFU\/ml. Comparison of isolates using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated clinical matches and close associations between environmental isolates and isolates derived from clinical samples from patients in Townsville. This study demonstrated that waterborne\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            from groundwater seeps around Castle Hill may facilitate exposure to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            and contribute to the clinical clustering at this site. Access to this type of information will advise the development and implementation of public health measures to reduce the incidence of melioidosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.05048-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,27]],"date-time":"2011-08-27T02:47:06Z","timestamp":1314413226000},"page":"7243-7246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Groundwater Seeps Facilitate Exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 4811"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Tahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 4811"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 4811"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith L.","family":"Bristow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture National Research Flagship, CSIRO Land and Water, PMB Aitkenvale, Townsville, Australia, 4814"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Greenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 4811"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 4811"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00313027909061954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.12.4011-4015.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Spatial analysis of melioidosis distribution in the Townsville region of North Queensland. Epidemiol","volume":"138","author":"Corkeron M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"CorkeronM. NortonR. NelsonP. N. . 2010. Spatial analysis of melioidosis distribution in the Townsville region of North Queensland. Epidemiol. Infect. 138:1345\u20131352.","journal-title":"Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.020750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"DeanA. G.\nSullivanK. M.\nSoeM. M.\n. 23 June 2011 posting date. 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N. HumphreysJ. L. BrookesD. L. MessinaT. RaulliA. . 2010. Melioidosis in north Queensland, 2000\u20132009. Commun. Dis. Intell. 34:444\u2013447.","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002663"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01038-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2011.00354.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"904","article-title":"Antibiosis of Burkholderia ubonensis against Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent for melioidosis","volume":"41","author":"Marshall K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"MarshallK. . 2010. Antibiosis of Burkholderia ubonensis against Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent for melioidosis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 41:904\u2013912.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"MurthaG. G\n. 1975. Soils and land use on the northern section of the Townsville coastal plain north Queensland. Soils and Land Use Series no. 55. CSIRO Australia Division of Soils."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.85-90.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(08)70003-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.5.1082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01092.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"422","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis, part 4: physical methods","author":"Topp G. C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"ToppG. C. FerreP. A. . 2002. Methods for measurement of soil water content: thermogravimetric using convective oven-drying, p. 422\u2013424. In JaneD. H. ToppG. 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