{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T21:49:44Z","timestamp":1783892984677,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]],"date-time":"2011-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance (AR) is a major public health concern. Recent findings on the prevalence of food-borne antibiotic-resistant (ART) commensal bacteria in ready-to-consume food products suggested that daily food consumption likely serves as a major avenue for dissemination of ART bacteria from the food chain to human hosts. To properly assess the impact of various factors, including the food chain, on AR development in hosts, it is important to determine the baseline of ART bacteria in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We thus examined the gut microbiota of 16 infant subjects, from the newborn stage to 1 year of age, who fed on breast milk and\/or infant formula during the early stages of development and had no prior exposure to antibiotics. Predominant bacterial populations resistant to several antibiotics and multiple resistance genes were found in the infant GI tracts within the first week of age. Several ART population transitions were also observed in the absence of antibiotic exposure and dietary changes. Representative AR gene pools including\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (M),\n            <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n            were detected in infant subjects.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp.,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp.,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Klebsiella<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp.,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp., and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            \/\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shigella<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. were among the identified AR gene carriers. ART bacteria were not detected in the infant formula and infant foods examined, but small numbers of skin-associated ART bacteria were found in certain breast milk samples. The data suggest that the early development of AR in the human gut microbiota is independent of infants' exposure to antibiotics but is likely impacted by exposure to maternal and environmental microbes during and after delivery and that the ART population is significantly amplified within the host even in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.05087-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T16:15:10Z","timestamp":1312906510000},"page":"7134-7141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Acquired Antibiotic Resistance: Are We Born with It?"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kinkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"},{"name":"Present address: Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"},{"name":"Present address: Kent College of Law, 565 West Adams Street, Chicago, IL 60661."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua H.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"601","article-title":"Commensal flora may play key role in spreading antibiotic resistance","volume":"69","author":"Andremont A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"AndremontA. . 2003. 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L.\nWangH. H.\n. 2010. The involvement of animal host in the enrichment of antibiotic resistance abstr. 037-45. IFT Annu. Meet. Chicago IL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.10.1841"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2010.944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.2970-2978.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408966102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4798-4800.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01994-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Commensals: underappreciated reservoir of antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Marshall B. M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"MarshallB. M. OchiengD. J. LevyS. B. . 2009. Commensals: underappreciated reservoir of antibiotic resistance. 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