{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:36Z","timestamp":1791266976565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A total of 41\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotype E strains from different geographic regions, including Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greenland, Japan, and the United States, were compared by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis, and botulinum neurotoxin (\n            <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\n            ) E gene sequencing. The strains, representing environmental, food-borne, and infant botulism samples collected from 1932 to 2007, were analyzed to compare serotype E strains from different geographic regions and types of botulism and to determine whether each of the strains contained the transposon-associated recombinase\n            <jats:italic>rarA<\/jats:italic>\n            , involved with\n            <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\n            \/\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            insertion. MLST examination using 15 genes clustered the strains into several clades, with most members within a cluster sharing the same BoNT\/E subtype (BoNT\/E1, E2, E3, or E6). Sequencing of the\n            <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\n            \/\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            gene identified two new variants (E7, E8) that showed regions of recombination with other E subtypes. The AFLP dendrogram clustered the 41 strains similarly to the MLST dendrogram. Strains that could not be differentiated by AFLP, MLST, or\n            <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\n            gene sequencing were further examined using three VNTR regions. Both intact and split\n            <jats:italic>rarA<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were amplified by PCR in each of the strains, and their identities were confirmed in 11 strains by amplicon sequencing. The findings suggest that (i) the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            serotype E strains result from the targeted insertion of the\n            <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\n            \/\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            gene into genetically conserved bacteria and (ii) recombination events (not random mutations) within\n            <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\n            \/\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            result in toxin variants or subtypes within strains.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.05155-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]],"date-time":"2011-10-15T02:23:58Z","timestamp":1318645438000},"page":"8625-8634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Analysis of Clostridium botulinum Serotype E Strains by Using Multilocus Sequence Typing, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis, and Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Helma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Shou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda E.","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 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12208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra D.","family":"Kelly-Cirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Barash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94801"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Arnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94801"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, 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