{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:50:57Z","timestamp":1791291057347,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium acetobutylicum<\/jats:named-content>naturally produces acetone as well as butanol and ethanol. Since acetone cannot be used as a biofuel, its production needs to be minimized or suppressed by cell or bioreactor engineering. Thus, there have been attempts to disrupt or inactivate the acetone formation pathway. Here we present another approach, namely, converting acetone to isopropanol by metabolic engineering. Since isopropanol can be used as a fuel additive, the mixture of isopropanol, butanol, and ethanol (IBE) produced by engineered<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. acetobutylicum<\/jats:named-content>can be directly used as a biofuel. IBE production is achieved by the expression of a primary\/secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene from<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium beijerinckii<\/jats:named-content>NRRL B-593 (i.e.,<jats:italic>adh<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>B-593<\/jats:sub>) in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. acetobutylicum<\/jats:named-content>ATCC 824. To increase the total alcohol titer, a synthetic acetone operon (<jats:italic>act<\/jats:italic>operon;<jats:italic>adc-ctfA-ctfB<\/jats:italic>) was constructed and expressed to increase the flux toward isopropanol formation. When this engineering strategy was applied to the PJC4BK strain lacking in the<jats:italic>buk<\/jats:italic>gene (encoding butyrate kinase), a significantly higher titer and yield of IBE could be achieved. The resulting PJC4BK(pIPA3-Cm2) strain produced 20.4 g\/liter of total alcohol. Fermentation could be prolonged by<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>removal of solvents by gas stripping, and 35.6 g\/liter of the IBE mixture could be produced in 45 h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.06382-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,31]],"date-time":"2011-12-31T01:39:24Z","timestamp":1325295564000},"page":"1416-1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Metabolic Engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 for Isopropanol-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Joungmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Sin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BioFuelChem, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Ae","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyohak","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GS Caltex Corporation Value Creation Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GS Caltex Corporation Value Creation Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Young","family":"Seung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GS Caltex Corporation Value Creation Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Terry","family":"Papoutsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Deleware, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George N.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Yup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22628","article-title":"Metabolite stress and tolerance in the production of biofuels and chemicals: gene-expression-based systems analysis of butanol, butyrate, and acetate stresses in the anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum","volume":"105","author":"Alsaker KV","year":"2010","unstructured":"AlsakerKV ParedesC PapoutsakisET. 2010. 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