{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:22:38Z","timestamp":1791292958614,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Insects engage in symbiotic associations with a large diversity of beneficial microorganisms. While the majority of well-studied symbioses have a nutritional basis, several cases are known in which bacteria protect their host from pathogen infestation. Solitary wasps of the genera\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trachypus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    (beewolves; Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) cultivate the actinomycete \u201c\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candidatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    Streptomyces philanthi\u201d in specialized antennal gland reservoirs. The symbionts are transferred to the larval cocoon, where they provide protection against pathogenic fungi by producing at least nine different antibiotics. Here we investigated the closest relatives of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trachypus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , the rare genus\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthinus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , for the presence of antennal gland reservoirs and symbiotic streptomycetes. Molecular analyses identified \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Streptomyces philanthi\u201d in reservoirs of\n                    <jats:italic>Philanthinus quattuordecimpunctatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phylogenies based on the 16S rRNA gene suggest that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. quattuordecimpunctatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    may have acquired \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Streptomyces philanthi\u201d by horizontal transfer from other beewolf species. In histological sections and three-dimensional reconstructions, the antennal gland reservoirs were found to occupy six antennal segments (as opposed to only five in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trachypus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ) and to be structurally less complex than those of the evolutionarily more derived genera of beewolves. The presence of \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Streptomyces philanthi\u201d in antennal glands of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthinus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    indicates that the symbiosis between beewolves and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n                    bacteria is much older than previously thought. It probably evolved along the branch leading to the monophyletic tribe Philanthini, as it seems to be confined to the genera\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trachypus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Philanthinus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , which together comprise 172 described species of solitary wasps.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.06809-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,24]],"date-time":"2011-11-24T20:14:00Z","timestamp":1322165640000},"page":"822-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Refining the Roots of the Beewolf-Streptomyces Symbiosis: Antennal Symbionts in the Rare Genus Philanthinus (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Kaltenpoth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erol","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atat\u00fcrk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Faruk","family":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suleyman Demirel University, Department of Biology, Isparta, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Herzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, Zoological Institute, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erhard","family":"Strohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Regensburg, Zoological Institute, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00324.x","article-title":"A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)","volume":"17","author":"Alexander BA","year":"1992","unstructured":"AlexanderBA. 1992. 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