{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:45:05Z","timestamp":1791171905286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]],"date-time":"2012-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331769600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            During large Q fever outbreaks in the Netherlands between 2007 and 2010, dairy goat farms were implicated as the primary source of human Q fever. The transmission of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            to humans is thought to occur primarily via aerosols, although available data on\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            in aerosols and other environmental matrices are limited. During the outbreak of 2009, 19 dairy goat farms and one dairy sheep farm were selected nationwide to investigate the presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            DNA in vaginal swabs, manure, surface area swabs, milk unit filters, and aerosols. Four of these farms had a positive status during the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            bulk milk monitoring program in 2009 and additionally reported abortion waves in 2008 or 2009. Eleven farms were reported as having positive bulk milk only, and five selected (control) farms had a bulk milk-negative status in 2009 and no reported Q fever history. Screening by quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that on farms with a history of abortions related to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and, to a lesser extent, on farms positive by bulk milk monitoring, generally higher proportions of positive samples and higher levels of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            DNA within positive samples were observed than on the control farms. The relatively high levels of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            DNA in surface area swabs and aerosols sampled in stables of bulk milk-positive farms, including farms with a Q fever-related abortion history, support the hypothesis that these farms can pose a risk for the transmission of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            to humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.07323-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,14]],"date-time":"2012-01-14T20:08:29Z","timestamp":1326571709000},"page":"1652-1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on Small-Ruminant Farms during a Q Fever Outbreak in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (LZO), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Q. J.","family":"van der Plaats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (LZO), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"de Heer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (LZO), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Paauwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (nVWA), The Hague, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Schimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology (LZO), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Vellema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Service, Department of Small Ruminant Health, Deventer, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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