{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1791266950971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            types C and D, as well as their mosaic variants C-D and D-C, are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. This study reports on the development of low-density macroarrays based on the GeneDisc cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) applied to the simultaneous detection of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            subtypes C, C-D, D, and D-C. The limit of detection of the PCR assays was 38 fg of total DNA, corresponding to 15 genome copies. Artificially contaminated samples of cecum showed a limit of detection below 50 spores\/g. The tests were performed with a large variety of bacterial strains, including\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            types C (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 12), C-D (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 29), D (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 5), and D-C (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 10), other botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 20), non-BoNT-producing clostridia (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 20), and other bacterial species (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 23), and showed a high specificity. These PCR assays were compared to previously published real-time PCRs for the detection of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n            in 292 samples collected from cases of botulism events in four European regions. The majority of the samples originated from wild birds (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 108), poultry (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 60), and bovines (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 56). Among the 292 samples, 144 were positive for either the\n            <jats:italic>bont\/<\/jats:italic>\n            C-D or the\n            <jats:italic>bont\/<\/jats:italic>\n            D-C gene by using the GeneDisc arrays. The reliability of the results tallied to 97.94%. Interestingly, only BoNT mosaics, types C-D and D-C, were found in naturally contaminated samples whatever their animal origin and their geographical location. Further investigations should now be performed in order to check that mosaic types dominate in Europe and that acquisition of mosaic types helps in survival or adaptation to particular niche.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.07568-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,18]],"date-time":"2012-02-18T04:54:54Z","timestamp":1329540894000},"page":"3120-3127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Neurotoxin Gene Profiling of Clostridium botulinum Types C and D Native to Different Countries within Europe"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Cedric","family":"Woudstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Skarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Anniballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Laboratorio Alimenti, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Fenicia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Laboratorio Alimenti, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Treviso, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Laboratorio di Treviso, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Koene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen, Lelystad, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"B\u00e4yon-Auboyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis and Development Laboratory 22, Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Buffereau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis and Development Laboratory 22, Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"De Medici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 Laboratorio Alimenti, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4342-4348.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00204.x","article-title":"Detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in foods by PCR and DNA probe","volume":"25","author":"Aranda E","year":"1997","unstructured":"ArandaE RodriguezMM AsensioMA CordobaJJ. 1997. 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