{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1791088137649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1977,4,1]],"date-time":"1977-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":228700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Four hexavalent and two trivalent chromium compounds were tested for toxicity and mutagenicity by means of the\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n            \/mammalian-microsome test. All hexavalent compounds yielded a complete inhibition of bacterial growth at doses of 400 to 800 \u03bcg\/plate, a significant increase of\n            <jats:italic>his<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            revertant colonies at doses ranging from 10 to 200 \u03bcg, and no effect at doses of less than 10 \u03bcg. The distinctive sensitivity of the four\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            strains tested (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100) suggested that hexavalent chromium directly interacts with bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid by causing both frameshift mutations and basepair substitutions. The latter mutations, which are prevalent, are amplified by an error-prone recombinational repair of the damaged deoxyribonucleic acid. On the average, 1 \u03bcmol of hexavalent chromium yielded approximately 500 revertants of the TA100 strain, irrespective of the compound tested (sodium dichromate, calcium chromate, potassium chromate, or chromic acid). The mutagenic potency of the hexavalent metal was not enhanced by adding the microsomal fraction of rat hepatocytes, induced either with sodium barbital or with Aroclor 1254. The two trivalent compounds (chromium potassium sulfate and chromic chloride), with or without the microsomal fraction, were neither toxic nor mutagenic for the bacterial tester strains.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.33.4.805-809.1977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T02:45:16Z","timestamp":1577846716000},"page":"805-809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Toxicity and Mutagenicity of Hexavalent Chromium on\n            <i>Salmonella typhimurium<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Fernando L.","family":"Petrilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"De Flora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.33.4.805-809.1977","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.33.4.805-809.1977","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T20:21:14Z","timestamp":1645647674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.33.4.805-809.1977"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1977,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.33.4.805-809.1977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.33.4.805-809.1977","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1977,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1977-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}