{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:19:03Z","timestamp":1791217143182,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]],"date-time":"1997-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":854755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial toxins and eukaryotic cell toxicity from indoor building materials heavily colonized by fungi and bacteria were analyzed. The dominant colonizers at water-damaged sites of the building were Stachybotrys chartarum (10(3) to 10(5) visible conidia cm-2), Penicillium and Aspergillus species (10(4) CFU mg-1), gram-negative bacteria (10(4) CFU mg-1), and mycobacteria (10(3) CFU mg-1). The mycobacterial isolates were most similar to M. komossense, with 98% similarity of the complete 16S rDNA sequence. Limulus assay of water extracts prepared from a water-damaged gypsum liner revealed high contents of gram-negative endotoxin (17 ng mg-1 of E. coli lipopolysaccharide equivalents) and beta-D-glucan (210 ng mg-1 of curdlan equivalents). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol extracts showed that the water-damaged gypsum liner also contained satratoxin (17 ng mg-1). This methanol-extracted substance was 200 times more toxic to rabbit skin and fetus feline lung cells than extract of gypsum liner sampled from a non-water-damaged site. The same extract contained toxin(s) that paralyzed the motility of boar spermatozoa at extremely low concentrations; the 50% effective concentration was 0.3 microgram of dry solids per ml. This toxicity was not explainable by the amount of bacterial endotoxin, beta-D-glucan, or satratoxin present in the same extract. The novel in vitro toxicity test that utilized boar spermatozoa as described in this article is convenient to perform and reproducible and was a useful tool for detecting toxins of microbial origin toward eukaryotic cells not detectable in building materials by the other methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T18:34:02Z","timestamp":1578335642000},"page":"387-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Bacteria, molds, and toxins in water-damaged building materials"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"M A","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Nikulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U","family":"K\u00f6ljalg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M C","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Rainey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Reijula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E L","family":"Hintikka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Salkinoja-Salonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T17:38:48Z","timestamp":1645637928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1997-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}