{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:00:52Z","timestamp":1791252052953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Invasion and intracellular replication of\n            <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            within protozoa in the environment plays a major role in the transmission of Legionnaires\u2019 disease. Intracellular replication of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            within protozoa occurs in a rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-surrounded phagosome (Y. Abu Kwaik, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2022\u20132028, 1996). Since the subsequent fate of many intracellular pathogens is determined by the route of entry, we compared the mechanisms of attachment and subsequent uptake of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            by the two protozoa\n            <jats:italic>Hartmannella vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba polyphaga<\/jats:italic>\n            . Our data provide biochemical and genetic evidence that the mechanisms of attachment and subsequent uptake of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            by the two protozoan hosts are, in part, different. First, uptake of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            by\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            is completely blocked by the monovalent sugars galactose and\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetyl-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -galactosamine, but these sugars partially blocked\n            <jats:italic>A. polyphaga<\/jats:italic>\n            . Second, attachment of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            to\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            is associated with a time-dependent and reversible tyrosine dephosphorylation of multiple host proteins. In contrast, only a slight dephosphorylation of a 170-kDa protein of\n            <jats:italic>A. polyphaga<\/jats:italic>\n            is detected upon infection. Third, synthesis of\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            proteins but not of\n            <jats:italic>A. polyphaga<\/jats:italic>\n            proteins is required for uptake of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            . Fourth, we have identified\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants that are severely defective in attachment to\n            <jats:italic>A. polyphaga<\/jats:italic>\n            but which exhibit minor reductions in attachment to\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            and, thus, provide a genetic basis for the difference in mechanisms of attachment to both protozoa. The data indicate a remarkable adaptation of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            to attach and invade different protozoan hosts by different mechanisms, yet invasion is followed by a remarkably similar intracellular replication within a RER-surrounded phagosome and subsequent killing of the host cell.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.64.1.126-132.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T18:53:09Z","timestamp":1576781589000},"page":"126-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Heterogeneity in the Attachment and Uptake Mechanisms of the Legionnaires\u2019 Disease Bacterium,\n            <i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>\n            , by Protozoan Hosts"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Omar S.","family":"Harb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekar","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Haack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian-Yong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef Abu","family":"Kwaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.2022-2028.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Abu Kwaik Y. 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