{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T02:43:03Z","timestamp":1773628983675,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]],"date-time":"1998-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":888710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            , the etiologic agent for anthrax, produces two bipartite, AB-type exotoxins, edema toxin and lethal toxin. The B subunit of both exotoxins is an\n            <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>\n            83,000 protein termed protective antigen (PA). The human anthrax vaccine currently licensed for use in the United States consists primarily of this protein adsorbed onto aluminum oxyhydroxide. This report describes the production of PA from a recombinant, asporogenic, nontoxigenic, and nonencapsulated host strain of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            and the subsequent purification and characterization of the protein product. Fermentation in a high-tryptone, high-yeast-extract medium under nonlimiting aeration produced 20 to 30 mg of secreted PA per liter. Secreted protease activity under these fermentation conditions was low and was inhibited more than 95% by the addition of EDTA. A purity of 88 to 93% was achieved for PA by diafiltration and anion-exchange chromatography, while greater than 95% final purity was achieved with an additional hydrophobic interaction chromatography step. The purity of the PA product was characterized by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-capillary electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, native gel electrophoresis, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The biological activity of the PA, when combined with excess lethal factor in the macrophage cell lysis assay, was comparable to previously reported values.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.64.3.982-991.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T19:32:20Z","timestamp":1576783940000},"page":"982-991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Fermentation, Purification, and Characterization of Protective Antigen from a Recombinant, Avirulent Strain of\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"J. W.","family":"Farchaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Ribot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Jendrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. F.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Arbigen\nM. V.\nBulthuis\nB. 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E-38\nAbstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1994.\n1994\n150\nAmerican Society for Microbiology\nWashington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90027-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00139-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.54.2.537-542.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90323-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.21.10277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(61)90265-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(88)65019-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Leppla\nS. H.\nThe anthrax toxin complex\nSourcebook of bacterial toxins.\nAlouf\nJ. E.\nFreer\nJ. H.\n1991\n277\n302\nAcademic Press Inc.\nSan Diego Calif"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.7.1807-1813.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Little S. F. 1997. Unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-142-3-707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00041.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.2.722-730.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"208","article-title":"Value of A260\/A280 ratios of measurement of purity of nucleic acids.","volume":"19","author":"Manchester K. L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Manchester K. L. Value of A260\/A280 ratios of measurement of purity of nucleic acids. 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Isolation of an asporogenic ( spo0A ) protective antigen-producing strain of Bacillus anthracis . 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