{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T11:06:44Z","timestamp":1774782404923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The intracellular pathogens\n            <jats:italic>Legionella micdadei<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            are the two most common\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            species that cause Legionnaires\u2019 disease. Intracellular replication within pulmonary cells is the hallmark of Legionnaires\u2019 disease. In the environment, legionellae are parasites of protozoans, and intracellular bacterial replication within protozoans plays a major role in the transmission of Legionnaires\u2019 disease. In this study, we characterized the initial host signal transduction mechanisms involved during attachment to and invasion of the protozoan host\n            <jats:italic>Hartmannella vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            by\n            <jats:italic>L. micdadei<\/jats:italic>\n            . Bacterial attachment prior to invasion of\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            by\n            <jats:italic>L. micdadei<\/jats:italic>\n            is associated with tyrosine dephosphorylation of multiple host cell proteins, including a 170-kDa protein. We have previously shown that this 170-kDa protein is the galactose\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetylgalactosamine (Gal\/GalNAc)-inhibitable lectin receptor that mediates attachment to and invasion of\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            by\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            . Subsequent bacterial entry targets\n            <jats:italic>L. micdadei<\/jats:italic>\n            into a phagosome that is not surrounded by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). In contrast, uptake of\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            mediated by attachment to the Gal\/GalNAc lectin is followed by targeting of the bacterium into an RER-surrounded phagosome. These results indicate that despite similarities in the\n            <jats:italic>L. micdadei<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            attachment-mediated signal transduction mechanisms in\n            <jats:italic>H. vermiformis<\/jats:italic>\n            , the two bacterial species are targeted into morphologically distinct phagosomes in their natural protozoan host.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.64.9.3134-3139.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T19:40:06Z","timestamp":1576784406000},"page":"3134-3139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Signal Transduction in the Protozoan Host\n            <i>Hartmannella vermiformis<\/i>\n            upon Attachment and Invasion by\n            <i>Legionella micdadei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Yousef","family":"Abu Kwaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekar","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar S.","family":"Harb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang-Yong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.2022-2028.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.203-212.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.4.1320-1329.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00419.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1860-1866.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.3661739.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02563.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92483-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.11.4358-4367.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.4.1005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440210074036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7716514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/283162a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.10.3307-3311.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.32-60.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(96)10041-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01269.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5313.718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Gao L.-Y. 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