{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:47:44Z","timestamp":1790934464900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]],"date-time":"1999-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":915148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Screening assays for environmental mycotoxins in bulk samples currently use cytotoxicity in cell cultures, but their application to air particulate samples often lacks sensitivity and specificity for fungal spores. An assay based on inhibition of protein synthesis using translation of firefly luciferase in a rabbit reticulocyte system has been developed for the detection of trichothecene mycotoxins found in the spores of toxigenic fungi. Ethanol extracts of air particulates trapped on polycarbonate filters are ultrafiltered and applied at several dilutions to a translation reaction mixture. The activity of translated luciferase is measured directly in a luminometer, eliminating the need for radioisotopes and time-consuming sample processing. Parallel standard curves using a commercially available trichothecene provide for expression of the results in T-2 toxin equivalents per cubic meter of air. The assay can be completed in 2 h and is readily applicable to multiple samples. Comparison to the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay indicates a 400-fold increase in sensitivity of trichothecene detection in addition to a much higher specificity for these toxins. Initial field testing indicates a strong correlation between the measured level of toxicity and the presence of toxigenic fungi detected with microbiological methods. In conclusion, this luciferase translation assay offers a rapid and highly sensitive and specific method for quantitative detection of trichothecene mycotoxin activity in air particulate samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.65.1.88-94.1999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T19:41:39Z","timestamp":1576784499000},"page":"88-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Highly Sensitive Protein Translation Assay for Trichothecene Toxicity in Airborne Particulates: Comparison with Cytotoxicity Assays"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Iwona","family":"Yike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-60061;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Cuyahoga County Board of Health, Cleveland, Ohio 441152; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Sorenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 265053"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorr G.","family":"Dearborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-60061;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.2.387-393.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Babich\nH.\nBorenfreund\nE.\nNeutral red assay for toxicology in vitro\nIn vitro methods of toxicology.\nWatson\nR.\n1995\n237\n251\nCRC Press Inc.\nBoca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1874-6047(08)60284-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(88)90233-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00081a064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00702a015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(87)90005-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.8.757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Flannigan\nB.\nBiological particles in the air of indoor environments\nFungi and bacteria in indoor air environments. Proceedings of the international conference.\nJohanning\nE.\nYang\nC. S.\n1995\n21\n29\nEastern New York Occupational Health Program\nLatham N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Gareis\nM.\nCytotoxicity testing of samples originating from problem buildings\nFungi and bacteria in indoor air environments. Proceedings of the international conference.\nJohanning\nE.\nYang\nC. S.\n1995\n139\n144\nEastern New York Occupational Health Program\nLatham N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(88)90353-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01138479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cellular effects of T-2 mycotoxin on two different cell lines.","volume":"971","author":"Holt P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holt P. DeLoach J. Cellular effects of T-2 mycotoxin on two different cell lines. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 971 1988 1 8","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2787(71)90710-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Jarvis\nB.\nMacrocyclic trichothecenes\nMycotoxins and phytoalexins.\nSharma\nR.\nSalunkhe\nD.\n1991\n361\n421\nCRC Press Inc.\nBoca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.10.3620-3625.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"323","article-title":"The presence of mycotoxin-associated fungal spores isolated from the indoor air of the damp domestic environment and cytotoxic to human cell lines.","volume":"3","author":"Lewis C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lewis C. Smith J. Anderson J. Murad T. The presence of mycotoxin-associated fungal spores isolated from the indoor air of the damp domestic environment and cytotoxic to human cell lines. Indoor Environ. 3 1994 323 330","journal-title":"Indoor Environ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.9.3421-3424.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90065-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Pathre\nS.\nMirocha\nC.\nAssay methods for trichothecenes and review of their natural occurrence\nMycotoxins in human and animal health.\nRodricks\nJ.\nHasseltine\nC.\nMehlman\nM.\n1977\n229\n253\nPathotox Publishers\nPark Forest South Ill"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Promega. Technical bulletin no. 127. Promega Madison Wis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.4.948-950.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(60)90208-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(75)81028-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.48.6.1176-1180.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"283","article-title":"Comparative toxicology of trichothecene mycotoxins: inhibition of protein synthesis in animal cells.","volume":"74","author":"Ueno Y.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ueno Y. Nakajima M. Sakai K. Ishii K. Sato N. Shimada N. Comparative toxicology of trichothecene mycotoxins: inhibition of protein synthesis in animal cells. J. Biochem. 74 1973 283 296","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"Van Etten\nJ. L.\nDunkle\nL. D.\nKnight\nR. H.\nNucleic acids and fungal spore germination\nThe fungal spore.\nWeber\nD. 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