{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T05:28:04Z","timestamp":1794288484801,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]],"date-time":"1999-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Seven strains of heterotrophic iron-oxidizing acidophilic bacteria were examined to determine their abilities to promote oxidative dissolution of pyrite (FeS\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ) when they were grown in pure cultures and in mixed cultures with sulfur-oxidizing\n            <jats:italic>Thiobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. Only one of the isolates (strain T-24) oxidized pyrite when it was grown in pyrite-basal salts medium. However, when pyrite-containing cultures were supplemented with 0.02% (wt\/vol) yeast extract, most of the isolates oxidized pyrite, and one (strain T-24) promoted rates of mineral dissolution similar to the rates observed with the iron-oxidizing autotroph\n            <jats:italic>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans<\/jats:italic>\n            . Pyrite oxidation by another isolate (strain T-21) occurred in cultures containing between 0.005 and 0.05% (wt\/vol) yeast extract but was completely inhibited in cultures containing 0.5% yeast extract. Ferrous iron was also needed for mineral dissolution by the iron-oxidizing heterotrophs, indicating that these organisms oxidize pyrite via the \u201cindirect\u201d mechanism. Mixed cultures of three isolates (strains T-21, T-23, and T-24) and the sulfur-oxidizing autotroph\n            <jats:italic>Thiobacillus thiooxidans<\/jats:italic>\n            promoted pyrite dissolution; since neither strains T-21 and T-23 nor\n            <jats:italic>T. thiooxidans<\/jats:italic>\n            could oxidize this mineral in yeast extract-free media, this was a novel example of bacterial synergism. Mixed cultures of strains T-21 and T-23 and the sulfur-oxidizing mixotroph\n            <jats:italic>Thiobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n            also oxidized pyrite but to a lesser extent than did mixed cultures containing\n            <jats:italic>T. thiooxidans<\/jats:italic>\n            . Pyrite leaching by strain T-23 grown in an organic compound-rich medium and incubated either shaken or unshaken was also assessed. The potential environmental significance of iron-oxidizing heterotrophs in accelerating pyrite oxidation is discussed.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.65.2.585-590.1999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T19:46:43Z","timestamp":1576784803000},"page":"585-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Leaching of Pyrite by Acidophilic Heterotrophic Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria in Pure and Mixed Cultures"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Bacelar-Nicolau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Barrie","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Bacelar-Nicolau\nP.\nNovel iron-oxidising acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria from mineral leaching environments. Ph. D. thesis.\n1996\nUniversity of Wales\nBangor United Kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Blake R. C. Jr. 1997. Personal communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.93.2.597-599.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Evangelou\nV. P.\nPyrite oxidation and its control.\n1995\nCRC Press\nBoca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.6.1258-1262.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Goodman\nA. E.\nBabij\nT.\nRitchie\nA. I. M.\nLeaching of a sulphide ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans under anaerobic conditions\nProgress in biohydrometallurgy.\nRossi\nG.\nTorma\nA. E.\n1983\n361\n376\nAssociazione Mineraria Sarda\nCagliari Italy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.38.100184.001405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Johnson D. B. Unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson\nD. B.\nDiversity of microbial life in highly acidic mesophilic environments\nDiversity of environmental biogeochemistry.\nBerthelin\nJ.\n1991\n225\n238\nElsevier\nAmsterdam The Netherlands","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88900-3.50026-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(95)00015-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of \u2018iron bacteria\u2019 in the biodegradation of minerals.","volume":"9","author":"Johnson D. B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson D. B. The role of \u2018iron bacteria\u2019 in the biodegradation of minerals. Biodeterior. Abstr. 9 1995 1 7","journal-title":"Biodeterior. Abstr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Johnson\nD. B.\nRoberto\nF. F.\nBiodiversity of acidophilic bacteria in mineral leaching and related environments abstr. no. P3.1-10.\nIBS Biomine \u201997 Conference Proceedings.\n1997\nAustralian Mineral Foundation\nGlenside Australia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson\nD. B.\nRoberto\nF. F.\nHeterotrophic acidophiles and their roles in the bioleaching of sulfide minerals\nBiomining: theory microbes and industrial processes.\nRawlings\nD. E.\n1997\n259\n279\nSpringer-Verlag\nBerlin Germany","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06111-4_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"2969","article-title":"Detection of heterotrophic contaminants in cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and their elimination by subculturing in media containing copper sulphate.","volume":"123","author":"Johnson D. B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Johnson D. B. Kelso W. I. Detection of heterotrophic contaminants in cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and their elimination by subculturing in media containing copper sulphate. J. Gen. Microbiol. 123 1983 2969 2972","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.5.1423-1428.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Iron-oxidising heterotrophic acidophiles: ubiquitous novel bacteria in leaching environments","volume":"1","author":"Johnson D. B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson D. B. Bacelar-Nicolau P. Bruhn D. F. Roberto F. F. Iron-oxidising heterotrophic acidophiles: ubiquitous novel bacteria in leaching environments Biohydrometallurgical processing Vargas T. Jerez C. A. Wiertz J. V. 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H. 1 1982 443 474 Academic Press London, United Kingdom","journal-title":"Microbial interactions and communities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.7.2057-2062.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0895-773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Roberto F. F. 1997. Personal communication."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00166909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(92)90105-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1994-0550.ch037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Wichlacz\nP. L.\nThompson\nD. L.\nThe effect of acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria on the leaching of cobalt by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Biohydrometallurgy. Proceedings of the International Symposium Warwick 1987.\nNorris\nP. R.\nKelly\nD. 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